SwANTON] INlDIANS OP THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES 75 



and one among the Adai Indians in the present Louisiana. These 

 were abandoned in 1719 but reestablished 2 years later. In 1718 the 

 mission of San Francisco Solano on the Rio Grande was moved to 

 San Antonio and two others, San Jose de Aguayo and San Fran- 

 cisco Xavier de Najera, were soon added. In 1731 those east Texas 

 missions which had been under the care of the Quereteran Fathers 

 were withdrawn to San Antonio, while the Zacatecan missions, to 

 the Nacogdoche, Ais, and Adai, remained until 1772-73. Missions 

 were also established among the Karankawa, Aranama, Akokisa, 

 Tonkawa, and Lipan, but only the missions around San Antonio 

 and Goliad lasted more than a few years. Attempts to missionize 

 the Tonkawa, Lipan, Akokisa, and Karankawa were almost complete 

 failures, and the only Caddo mission which had any real success 

 was the mission to the Nacogdoches, while the temporary prosperity 

 of the missions near Goliad is probably attributable more to the 

 Aranama Indians than the Karankawa. The most flourishing mis- 

 sions were those about San Antonio and along the Rio Grande 

 planted among Coahuiltecan tribes, but they, too, declined gradually 

 as the number of Indians fell away, and all the Texas missions were 

 finally secularized by an order of the Spanish Cortes promulgated 

 September 13, 1813. It was 10 years, however, before its provisions 

 were carried out by the Mexican authorities. Cession of Louisiana 

 to Spain, its recession to France in 1800, and transfer to the United 

 States in 1803 had little immediate effect upon the Indians. In 1822 

 Texas became part of the new independent Republic of Mexico and 

 in 1836 established its own independence, which ended with its ad- 

 mission into the American Union as a State in 1845. During all of 

 this time the Indian population was decreasing and its part in 

 affairs political became of proportionately less importance. But a 

 recapitulation of the fate of the Indian population is postponed 

 until the story of European penetration has been completed by 

 adding the history of their relations with the Anglo-Saxons. (Cf. 

 Swanton, 1942.) 



English influence on the southern Indians was of little consequence 

 prior to the attempts at colonization made by Sir Walter Raleigh in 

 1584-90. Some notes regarding the Timucua are contained in the nar- 

 rative of Sir John Hawkins' second expedition undertaken in the year 

 1565 and to which reference has already been made. On Mareh 25, 

 1584, Raleigh obtained a patent empowering him to explore and settle 

 "such remote, heathen and barbarous lands, countries, and territories, 

 [as were] not actually possessed by any Christian prince, nor inhabited 

 by Christian people." Later that year he fitted out two vessels, which 

 he placed under the command of Philip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe, 

 who explored the coasts of the present North Carolina and brought back 



