SwANTON] INDIANS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNilTED STATES 105 



terms of which they agreed to cede their lands in that State and 

 remove to Haywood County, N. C. North Carolina, however, refused 

 to sell them lands for a reservation and in 18 months they returned 

 to their former homes, where they secured a reservation of 800 acres. 

 During this time part of them went to live with the Cherokee, but 

 all except a few families soon returned. Another body of Catawba 

 settled near Sculleyville in the Choctaw Nation, Okla. Some families 

 established themselves in other parts of Oklahoma, in Arkansas, Utah, 

 and near Sanford, Colo., where they have gradually been absorbed 

 by the Indian and white populations. Except for a few still among 

 the Cherokee, the rest continue to live on the South Carolina reserve. 

 They have lost their language, but keep up a modified pottery manu- 

 facture which adds somewhat to the income from their farms. Most 

 of them are members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day 

 Saints (pis. 4, fig. 2 ; 5 ; 6 ; 7) . 



Catawba pop^ulation. — In 1682 their warriors were estimated at 

 1,500 or about 4,600 souls; in 1728 at 400 warriors and 1,400 souls. In 

 1743, after incorporating several small tribes, their warriors had 

 nevertheless fallen under 400. We have estimates of 240 warriors 

 in 1755, and 300 in 1761, with a total population the last-mentioned 

 year of about 1,000. Subsequent figures for the entire population 

 are: 400 in 1775; 490 in 1780; 250 in 1784; 450 in 1822; 110 in 1826; 

 120 on and about the reservation in 1881; about 100 in 1900. The 

 census of 1910 returned 124, including 99 in South Carolina, 14 in 

 Colorado, 6 in North Carolina, 4 in Virginia, and 1 in Pennsylvania. 

 In 1930, 166 Catawba were returned, 159 of whom were in South 

 Carolina. Mooney made an estimate of 5,000 Catawba as of the year 

 1600. 



CHAKCHIUMA 



While De Soto was among the Chickasaw in the winter of 1540-41, 

 he was induced to send an expedition against this tribe, called in one 

 of the narratives Sacchuma and in another Saquechuma. Their town 

 was found abandoned and on fire, but this was interpreted as a ruse 

 to lull the Spaniards into security so that they might be attacked 

 with more success. In any case, the latter returned to the Chickasaw 

 without further incident. The Chakchiuma chief at that time bore 

 the name of Mi^ko lusa, "Black Chief." During La Salle's journey 

 down the Mississippi to the sea he came upon a town recently 

 destroyed by enemies whom Tonti identifies with this tribe, though 

 it may have been the southern branch, the Houma. In 1690, while 

 Tonti was encamped opposite the river of the Taensa, his Shawnee 

 companion, who had crossed the river to hunt, was attacked by 3 

 Chakchiuma. At this time the tribe seems to have been living near 



