110 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 137 



Pardo returned to Santa Elena this garrison and the others at 

 Chiaha, Cauchi, and Guatari were destroyed by the natives, and we 

 hear nothing more from Spanish sources regarding the people. Later 

 they appear to have settled somewhere east of Asheville, where Swan- 

 nanoa Gap preserves their name. In 1670 John Lederer seems to 

 have found this tribe, or had it reported to him, still farther toward 

 the east, perhaps on Yadkin River, and in 1673 they are placed by 

 Wood between the Cape Fear and the Yadkin. They may have been 

 pressed toward the east by the Cherokee. In 1700 they settled on 

 the River Dan near the southern boundary of Virginia and, probably 

 at a later date, established a second village 30 miles above on the 

 south side of the Dan and between it and Town Fork. This was 

 called the Upper Saura Village and the other, the Lower Saura 

 Village. Iroquois attacks induced them, about 1710, to leave the 

 Dan and move southeast to join the Keyauwee, and later they came 

 to live on the Pee Dee River in what was subsequently known as 

 the Cheraw District. Here they became involved in a war with the 

 South Carolina settlers, who laid most of the disturbances among 

 the Indians on this frontier to their charge. At last, between 1726 

 and 1739, they settled near the Catawba. In 1759 a party of Cheraw 

 under their chief "King Johnny" joined the English in their expe- 

 dition against Fort Duquesne. They are again mentioned in 1768, 

 and ultimately part of them probably united with the Catawba and 

 became wholly merged with them though a part are undoubtedly 

 represented among the Siouan Indians of Lumber River. 



Cheraw population. — The Indian census taken by South Carolina 

 in 1715 returned 510 Cheraw but among them were probably included 

 the Keyauwee tribe and perhaps some others. In 1768, 50 or 60 were 

 living with the Catawba. The maximum number about the year 1600 

 would probably be 1,000. 



CHEROKEE 



This, the largest tribe in the Southeast, belongs to the Iroquoian 

 family and was located in historic times in the southern Appalach- 

 ians, which they had probably entered from the north. It has usually 

 been assumed that the "province of Chalaque or Xalaque" of which 

 the De Soto chroniclers speak was inhabited by these Indians, but 

 the name may be the Muskogee term signifying "people of a dif- 

 ferent speech," and only one town in this region mentioned in the 

 De Soto narratives, Guasili, near the present Murphy, N. C, may 

 be identified as perhaps occupied by real Cherokee Indians. This 

 is probably, as we have had occasion to note on earlier pages, the 

 Tocar, Tocax, or Tocal(ques) of the Pardo documents. (See pp. 29, 

 30, 65.) There is better reason for thinking that "Tanasqui," a stock- 



