112 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 137 



great victory of Taliwa in 1755 after which the Creeks withdrew 

 from the Tennessee Valley. Farther east the Creeks appear to 

 have remained undisturbed in the upper Coosa Valley until white 

 settlers began to push the Cherokee from some of their northern 

 towns, when the Creeks gave them permission to occupy the valley 

 of the Coosa as far down as the mouth of Wills Creek, including 

 the entire valley of the Coosawattee ("Old Creek Place"). At the 

 outbreak of the French and Indian War the Cherokee assisted their 

 English neighbors in the expedition against Fort Duquesne but in 

 1759 the injudicious and high-handed acts of their allies drove them 

 into war. They destroyed Fort Loudon, which had been established 

 in the heart of their country, after defeating a force of over 1,600 

 men under Colonel Montgomery near the present Franklin, N. C, 

 June 27, 1760. Next year, however, a second expedition, led by 

 Colonel Grant and numbering 2,600 men, burned all of the Middle 

 Towns, the Lower Towns having been devastated by Montgomery 

 the year before, and reduced the Indians to such straits that they 

 were obliged to sue for peace. Immediately afterward, and at the 

 solicitation of the chiefs, Henry Timberlake visited the Cherokee 

 country, and later he conducted a party of chiefs to England (pis. 

 9, 10, fig. 1 ; the date and occasion of the painting shown in pi. 10, fig. 2, 

 is unknown) . Final peace between the English and the southern tribes 

 was made in 1763, and immediately a tide of emigrants poured across 

 the mountains into Kentucky and Tennessee, forcing the Cherokee 

 repeatedly to cede more of their land in this direction. In 1769 

 they are said to have suffered a severe defeat at the hands of the 

 Chickasaw on Chickasaw Old Fields. 



At the opening of the Revolution, this tribe sided against the 

 colonists and in consequence their lands were ravaged and their 

 towns were repeatedly destroyed, particularly in the year 1776, when 

 four distinct forces converged upon Cherokee territory. Although 

 many attempts were made to restore peace, it was not finally brought 

 about until 1794, when a conference held at Tellico blockhouse 

 November 7 and 8 brought the long series of contests to an end. 

 During this same year a party of Cherokee under Chief Bowl crossed 

 the Mississippi River. 



From this time until their removal, progress of the eastern Chero- 

 kee in the arts of civilization was steady, but just as steady was the 

 flow of white population toward their borders and the demands for 

 cessions of more and more land. The first missions among them were 

 established by the Moravians in 1801. In the Creek War of 1813-14 

 they furnished decisive help, praticularly in the final battle of Horse- 

 shoe Bend. Further cessions of land were made in 1817, and dis- 

 satisfaction with the terms of that treaty inspired Bowl's band to 



