SwANTON] INDIANS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES 113 



remove into the Spanish territory of Texas, where, with remnants 

 of other tribes, they settled along Angelina, Neches, and Trinity 

 Rivers and were joined later by Tahchee and other chiefs. 



In 1820 the eastern Cherokee adopted a form of government mod- 

 eled on that of the United States. In 1821 Sequoya (pi. 11, fig. 1) 

 submitted his syllabary to the chief men of the nation; they 

 having approved it, the nation set to work to master it with marked 

 success. Next year Sequoya visited Arkansas in order to introduce 

 his syllabary among the western Cherokee, and he took up a perma- 

 nent abode there in 1823. Parts of the Bible were printed in this syl- 

 labary a year later, and in 1828 The Cherokee Phoenix, a weekly 

 paper in Cherokee and English, made its appearance. 



Pressure on those Cherokee remaining in the east was increased 

 markedly by the discovery of gold near Dahlonega, Ga. The local au- 

 thorities resorted to violence to bring about their removal, and they 

 were abetted openly by the Federal Government. Finally, the Treaty 

 of New Echota, December 29, 1835, providing for removal, was 

 signed by an insignificant fraction of the tribe and the tribe as a 

 whole was held to the strict observance of it by the authorities at 

 Washington. A further movement of Cherokee to the west had, 

 indeed, begun in 1829, and in 1838-39 the removal of the rest, the 

 great bulk of the tribe under John Ross and the other principal 

 chiefs, was carried out by force, involving intense suffering on the 

 part of the Indians and the loss of nearly one-fourth of their num- 

 bers. The Cherokee who had removed to Texas had obtained a grant 

 of land from the Mexican Government, but after Texas became 

 an independent republic this grant was disallowed, and, in spite 

 of the friendly attitude of Gen. Sam Houston, who had been brought 

 up among the Indians, a contest was precipitated in 1839 in which 

 the Cherokee chief Bowl was killed and his followers driven from 

 the Republic. Several hundred Cherokee also remained in their old 

 country, a fraction which escaped from the troops into the moun- 

 tains. In 1842 these were given the right to remain and have a reser- 

 vation in western North Carolina. The bulk of the nation reestab- 

 lished their government in what is now the northeastern corner of 

 Oklahoma. They were at first torn by internal dissentions between 

 those who favored removal and those who had opposed it, and, during 

 the Civil War, between factions favoring the North and South 

 respectively. In 1867 the Delaware, and in 1870 the Shawnee were 

 admitted into the nation. As the outcome of 15 years of effort, the 

 lands of the tribe were finally allotted to individuals and the Cherokee 

 Nation came to an end March 3, 1906. 



John Ross (pi. 11, &g. 2) was head chief of the main body of the 

 Cherokee nation during the troubled times before, during, and after 



464735 — 46 9 



