122 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 137 



est were one of the Sixtowns later known as Inkillis Tamaha (i. e., 

 "English town"), but formerly Coussana or Toussana, another called 

 Tala, and besides these Chanky, Ony or Oni Talimon, Oka holo, 

 Kafitalaya, Castacha, Koe-chito, Naskobo, and West Abeka. The fric- 

 tion between these factions gave rise to a civil war which ended in 1750 

 with the defeat of the English party. War continued, however, with 

 the Chickasaw and Creeks and came to an end only with the peace of 

 1763 by which France ceded all of her territories east of the Mississippi 

 to Great Britain. Resistance to England was, of course, fomented by 

 the Spaniards, who had fallen heir to France's trans-Mississippi terri- 

 tories, and relations between the Choctaw and Creeks continued hostile 

 until American rule succeeded to that of European nations on both 

 sides of the great river. The Choctaw as a tribe were never at war 

 with the United States. Tecumseh endeavored to enlist it in his favor, 

 and a few individuals did join the Creeks during their uprising, but 

 the greater part of the nation was held out of the contest by their great 

 chief Pushmataha. Settlers poured into the Gulf region so rapidly, 

 however, after the Revolution that Mississippi was erected into a terri- 

 tory in 1798 and made a State in 1817. After the Creek War, the 

 pressure of white immigrants increased continually, and there was con- 

 stant clamor to remove the Indians to lands beyond the Mississippi. 

 Ultimately this removal was agreed to by the Choctaw in the Treaty 

 of Dancing Rabbit Creek, held September 27 and 28, 1830, and at the 

 same time lands were granted them along Red River in the south- 

 eastern part of the present State of Oklahoma. To this the greater 

 part of the tribe emigrated in 1831-33, and for a number of years that 

 portion which had gone west was increased by additions from the old 

 country. Nevertheless, a considerable body has remained in Missis- 

 sippi down to the present day. Meantime, the emigrants established a 

 small republic modeled somewhat on that of the United States. The 

 independent government of the Choctaw came to an end with the 

 organization of the State of Oklahoma, of which these Indians are now 

 citizens. 



Plate 18, figure 1, shows Nanih Waiya hill, "the hill of origins," 

 from which the Choctaw scattered to other parts of their country 

 and where the Chickasaw left them, or, according to others, marking 

 the spot where they had come out from under the earth. Plate 18, 

 figure 2, is a view from the top of this mound looking east. Plate 19 

 shows Choctaw warriors as sketched by the French draftsman 

 De Batz early in the eighteenth century. Plate 20, figure 1, is Push- 

 mataha, the great chief of the Choctaw who prevented his people from 

 joining Tecumseh. Another likeness of this famous man is the frontis- 

 piece of Bulletin 103 (Swanton, 1931 a) . Plate 20, figure 2, shows an- 

 other famous chief of the emigration period, Mosholatubbee, chief of 



