176 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bdll. 137 



bands embracing only 15 men, but this is a distinct underestimate and 

 today the mixed-blood descendants still number several hundred. 



QUAPAW 



The traditional home of this tribe was on Ohio River above the 

 mouth of the Wabash, but by 1673, when Marquette descended the 

 Mississippi, they were already established near the junction of the 

 Arkansas with the great river, one town being just at the junction 

 of the two, one considerably higher up on the west bank of the Mis- 

 sissippi, one on the east bank between them, and one on the Arkansas 

 itself. They were probably distinct from the Pacaha met by De Soto, 

 with whom they have sometimes been identified. Before 1700 the 

 Tongigua village on the east side of the Mississippi moved across and 

 settled with the Toriman at the junction of the Arkansas, and mean- 

 while the Quapaw town had moved lower down. Not many years 

 later, all had removed to the Arkansas, and in 1805 Sibley found them 

 in three villages on the south side of the Arkansas about 12 miles above 

 Arkansas Post. In 1821 they ceded this territory to the United States 

 Government and agreed to remove to the Caddo country on Red River. 

 They were assigned a tract of land on Bayou Treache on the south 

 side of the Red, but it was frequently overflowed and their crops 

 were destroyed and also much sickness resulted. In consequence, they 

 returned to their old country, but the white settlers annoyed them so 

 much, that in 1833 the United States Government ceded to them 

 150 sections of land in southeastern Kansas and the northeastern part 

 of the Indian Territory, to which they agreed to move. February 23, 

 1867, they ceded their lands in Kansas and the northern part of those 

 in the Territory. In 1877 the Ponca were brought to live with them 

 for a time, and when those Indians passed to their own reservation 

 farther west, most of the Quapaw also went. Still later, the Quapaw 

 lands were allotted in severalty and they are now citizens of Oklahoma. 



Quayaw population. — In his memoir, Bienville states that this tribe 

 had formerly more than 500 warriors, but was at the time of writing 

 (about 1725) reduced to 220. Father Vivier, in 1750, estimated their 

 warriors at 400 and the total population at 1,400. In 1829 Porter 

 estimated that there were 500 Quapaw all told, and in 1843 the popula- 

 tion was given as 476. In 1885 there were 120 on the Osage reservation 

 and 54 on the Quapaw reservation ; in 1890, 198 on both. The census 

 of 1910 returned 231 ; the United States Indian Office Report for 1923, 

 347 ; and the census for 1930, 222. Mooney's estimate of this tribe as 

 of the year 1650 was 2,500. 



QUINIPISSA 



This tribe was found by La Salle in 1682 a few miles above the pres- 

 ent site of New Orleans, but on the opposite side of the river. The 



