178 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 137 



son in 1701. In 1716, becoming involved along with the Congaree 

 in hostilities with the colonists, they were defeated by the latter, 

 assisted by the Cusabo, and most of them were sent as slaves to the 

 West Indies. The few who escaped probably united with the Catawba. 

 Santee population. — In 1715 they had 2 villages with 43 warriors. 



SAPONI 



This is evidently a contraction of Monasukapanough, the name of 

 a tribe located by John Smith in the Monacan country at a place identi- 

 fied by Bushnell as on the banks of the Rivanna, directly north of the 

 site of the University of Virginia and about one-half mile up the river 

 from the bridge of the Southern Railway. Some time afterward, 

 probably due to the pressure of peoples toward the north, they left this 

 place and settled on a creek usually identified with Otter River, a 

 northern tributary of the Roanoke, in the present Campbell County, 

 Va. Here they were visited by John Lederer in 1670 and Thomas 

 Batts in 1671. From this place, they moved again to an island in 

 Roanoke River just below the junction of the Staunton and Dan, and 

 still later to Yadkin River, near the present Salisbury, N. C, where 

 Lawson found them in 1701. They were accompanied during much 

 of this time by the Tutelo and before 1711 moved in toward the Vir- 

 ginia settlements, uniting on the way with the Occaneechi, and cross- 

 ing back over the Roanoke. Their new settlement, called Sapona 

 Town, was a short distance east of Roanoke River and 15 miles west 

 of the present Windsor, Bertie County, N. C. In 1714, along with 

 other allied tribes, they were placed by Governor Spotswood close to 

 Fort Christanna, near the present Gholsonville, Va. In 1722 peace 

 was made at Albany between the northern and southern Indians, and 

 about 1740 part of the Saponi and Tutelo moved north, stopping for 

 a time at Shamokin, Pa. In 1753 this tribe and the Tutelo were 

 formally adopted by the Cayuga, and in 1765 they were living about 

 Sayre, Pa., where part remained until 1778, though in 1771 the prin- 

 cipal portion had their village in the Cayuga territory about 2 miles 

 west of the present Ithaca, N. Y. In 1789 a remnant of the tribe was 

 still living with the Cayuga on Seneca River in Seneca County. They 

 have presumably become incorporated with the Tutelo and are no 

 longer distinguished as a separate tribe. One band of Saponi re- 

 mained in the south, however, in Granville County, N. C, where they 

 were reported in 1755, and are perhaps still represented by a body 

 of "Croatan Indians" in Person County, which was cut from Gran- 

 villa. (See also Meherrin.) 



Saponi population. — In 1709, according to Lawson, the Tutelo, 

 Saponi, Occaneechi, Keyauwee, and Shakori numbered 750 souls. In 

 1716 a visitor, the Huguenot Fontaine, states that there were 200 



