8WANTON] INDIANS OP THE SOUTHEASTElRN UNITED STATES 181 



4 Sawokli settlements and more than 50 men, besides 10 in Old Tamathli 

 (see Tamathli), but 10 years later, 190 are given in the same number 

 of villages and 30 in Okiti-yakani. Hawkins, writing in 1799, says 

 that Little Sawokli then contained 20 families. The total population 

 of the Sawokli towns in 1832 was 187 exclusive of slaves, of Okawaigi 

 157, and of Hatcheetcaba 106. 



SEMINOLE 



Although now reckoned as one of the "Five Civilized Tribes," the 

 name is applied to a body of Indians of very modern origin. The nu- 

 cleus consisted of the Oconee Indians, whose home (about 1695-1715) 

 was on Oconee River, Ga., but who moved to the Lower Creek country 

 about 1715, and 30 or 40 years later entered Florida and established 

 themselves on the Alachua prairie. They belonged to a non-Muskogee 

 group of Indians of which the best known representatives were the 

 Hitchiti, and, except for a band of Eufaula, the first tribes to join 

 them were of this same connection, including some Sawokli, Tamathli, 

 Apalachicola, Hitchiti, and Chiaha, a part of whom soon came to be 

 known as Mikasuki, though under what circumstances is unknown. 

 According to Romans, the Eufaula settlement was made in 1767, and 

 was on a hammock north of Tampa Bay to which it gave its own 

 name Tcuko Tcati or Red House. In 1778, a second Muskogee immi- 

 gration took place, contributed by part of the people of Kolomi, Fus- 

 hatchee, and Kan-tcati. Immediately after the Creek War of 1813-14, 

 their numbers were tripled by refugee Indians, mainly from Upper 

 Creek towns and particularly from those speaking Muskogee, so that 

 the linguistic complexion of the entire body was changed and the 

 language usually called Seminole is Creek. The non-Muskogees, 

 however^, still included a powerful element and supplied the head 

 chiefs. In 1817-18 Andrew Jackson invaded Florida with a force 

 in excess of 3,000 men and burned a large Seminole town on the 

 Suwannee. In 1832 a treaty, promising that the Florida Indians would 

 remove west of the Mississippi, was negotiated at Paynes Landing, 

 but it was repudiated by the great majority of the Seminole and in 

 1835 the second and great Seminole War broke out, which was not 

 terminated until August 1842, and cost the lives of nearly 1,500 

 American soldiers besides numerous civilians and $20,000,000 in money. 

 Mikonopi was the titular head chief of the Seminole as chief of the 

 Oconee element, but Osceola and Jumper, who came from the Upper 

 Creek towns, furnished the brains of native resistance. The capture 

 and imprisonment of the former by treachery constitutes a black 

 passage in our military annals and particularly on the record of the 

 perpetrator. Gen. Thomas S. Jesup, though the hysterical demand for 

 "quick results" on the part of the white population behind him de- 



