SwANTON] INDIANS OF THE SOUTHEASTEIRN UNITED STATES 193 



Tekesta population. — No early estimates seem to be preserved. For 

 this and the other tribes of the southeast Florida coast, Mooney 

 estimates a total population of 1,000. (See Romans and Adair above 

 as to the number of survivors.) 



TIMUCUA GROUP 



Timucua was the original name of a tribe also called Utina (q. v.) 

 living north of the Santa Fe River in Florida and extending east- 

 ward beyond the St. Johns, but it was extended by Powell, in the 

 form Timuquanan (now usually contracted to Timucuan) to include 

 all of the tribes of the linguistic family to which the Timucua be- 

 longed. It was given by him the status of an independent family, 

 but was undoubtedly a branch of the great Muskhogean stock. It 

 included the following tribes : Acuera, Fresh Water Indians, leaf ui, 

 Mocogo, Ocale (perhaps part of the Acuera), Ogita (perhaps iden- 

 tical with the Pohoy), Onatheaqua, Pohoy, Potano, Saturiwa, 

 Tacatacuru, Tawasa, Tocobaga, Utina or Timucua, Yufera, Yui, and 

 Yustaga. There is also reported a province 40 leagues or 4 days' 

 journey inland consisting of three towns 1^ leagues apart called 

 Abino, Tucuro, and Utiaca. This was probably connected with one 

 of the tribes mentioned. Although most of the Timucuan divisions 

 are being treated separately, the history of the whole may be 

 sketched briefly. Ponce de Leon reached the country of the Fresh 

 Water Timucua on the east coast in 1513. Some part of the Timucua 

 coast was skirted by Miruelo in 1516, Pineda in 1519, by Ponce de 

 Leon again in 1521, by Verrazzano (possibly) in 1524, and by Narvaez 

 in 1528. Narvaez passed through part of the Timucua country in- 

 land, but has left scant information regarding its inhabitants. With 

 the expedition of De Soto in 1539, we begin to get a clearer picture 

 of these western Timucua, but the eastern tribes, except for Ponce de 

 Leon's brief experience, are first introduced to us by Jean Ribault 

 in 1562, and Laudonniere and Le Moyne in 1564-65, our information 

 from these last two being the fullest on almost all aspects of 

 Timucua life. In 1565 Sir John Hawkins touched this part of 

 Florida. The same year the French were replaced by Spaniards, 

 who established their capital at St. Augustine and began extending 

 their civil and spiritual authority over the Timucua people. Both 

 conquests proceeded rapidly and with scant resistance. In 1656, 

 however, there was a formidable native rebellion which lasted 8 

 months. Moreover, the peninsula suffered from several visitations of 

 pestilence — in 1613-17, when it is claimed that more than half of the 

 missionized Indians died, in 1649-50, and in 1672. The decline in 

 population seems to have begun before the great rebellion, but it was 

 much accellerated by that outbreak and by subsequent disturbances, 



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