SwANTON] INDIANS OP THE SOUTHEASTEKN UNITED STATES 199 



43 ; the census of 1930 only 1. In his study of Indian population north 

 of Mexico, Mooney allowed 2,000 to this tribe with the Yazoo, Koroa, 

 and Of o as of the year 1650 ; my estimate was 2,460. 



TUSCARORA 



A tribe or confederation of tribes found by white explorers on the 

 middle courses of the Roanoke, Neuse, Tar, and Pamlico Rivers. 

 Hewitt gives the names of three constituent bodies: Akawentcaka, 

 Ketenuaka, and Skaruren, from the last of which the name Tusca- 

 rora comes. They are mentioned by Edw^ard Blande and his com- 

 panions in 1650 under the name Tuscarood as very powerful and 

 addicted to trade. July 14, 1670, John Lederer, on the return 

 journey of his second expedition, visited the town in which the Tus- 

 carora head chief had his favorite seat, which he calls "Katearas, a 

 place of great Indian trade and Commerce." In 1701 they were visited 

 by Lawson, and he was later killed by them during the Tuscarora War. 

 This war lasted from 1711 to 1713 and required two campaigns by 

 South Carolina whites and allied Indians before the hostiles were 

 defeated, the first headed by Colonel Barnwell, the second by Col. 

 James Moore. As a result of their defeat, the greater portion of the 

 tribe removed to New York where, through the intermediation of the 

 Oneida, they were admitted into the Confederation, but not as 

 equals until 1722. Hewitt states that the removal of the Tuscarora 

 to the north took 90 years. Some remained for a considerable period 

 on the Susquehanna and Juniata Rivers. Those who had remained 

 neutral during the war in the south continued in North Carolina 

 under the chieftainship of Tom Blunt, or Blount, and part stayed 

 in this territory until 1802, when the last rejoined their relatives in the 

 north. After a series of fortunes and misfortunes, the New York 

 Tuscarora finally obtained title to a reservation of their own in the 

 Seneca country in 1797. Those Tuscarora who took the side of Great 

 Britain in the Revolution were given lands in severalty in Grand 

 River reservation, Ontario. 



Tuscarora population. — Lawson, whose information applies to 

 about 1709, estimated 1,200 Tuscarora warriors and Colonel Barn- 

 well 1,200-1,400. In 1736 Chauvignerie states there were then 250 

 warriors among the Tuscarora in New York. The total number in the 

 United States in 1765 is given as 1,000, in 1778 as 2,000, in 1783 as 1,000, 

 and in 1796 as 400. In 1885 there were 414 Tuscarora Indians in 

 New York State and those in Canada were supposed to be about as 

 numerous. In 1909, 364 were returned from New York and in 1910 

 the corresponding Canadian figure was 416, a total of 780. The 

 United States census of 1910 returned 400. 



