SWANTON] INDIANS OF THE SOUTHEASTElRN UNITED STATES 241 



ida. The other was mainly west of the Mississippi, though it also 

 had representatives on the east side, but its westward extension is 

 still uncertain. The other tribes of the Southeast belonged to four 

 different stocks, all but one of which seem to have developed outside 

 of the area under consideration. 



The possible exception is constituted by the Caddo tribes of north- 

 western Louisiana and northeastern Texas. They were related to 

 the Kichai, Wichita, and a number of peoples connected with the 

 latter, who were spread through northern Texas and most of Okla- 

 homa, and to the Pawnee of Nebraska and northern Kansas, with the 

 Dakota relatives of the latter, the Arikara. A tribe called Shuman 

 or Jumano, formerly believed to have belonged to this stock, anciently 

 lived along the middle course of the Rio Grande, in the eastern part 

 of New Mexico and in western Texas, but Dr. Sauer, one of the more 

 recent students of their history, believes that they belonged originally 

 to the Uto-Aztecan family, and that part later took to the Plains and 

 ultimately united with the Wichita (Sauer, 1934, pp. 65-74). This 

 view has received further confirmation from the work of Scholes and 

 Mera. (See Scholes, 1940.) Possibly the Caddo tribes may repre- 

 sent the original nucleus of the Caddoan peoples, and, in any case, 

 the evidence at hand at the present time now seems to indicate an 

 eastern rather than a western distribution point for the family. 



So far as the Iroquoians are concerned, it seems pretty evident that 

 they were invaders. Although marginal, they played an important 

 part in the history of the entire area. The Cherokee, who are believed 

 to have come from the northeast, speak an Iroquoian language which 

 has undergone great modifications. It stands in one group over 

 against all other languages of the stock. Reference has already been 

 made to the dominant position held by the Cherokee in the Appalach- 

 ian highlands and to the fact that they were the most populous tribe 

 of the Southeast. The Tuscarora were the dominant tribe of eastern 

 North Carolina, and two lesser Iroquoian tribes, the Nottoway and 

 Meherrin, were of considerable significance in the aboriginal history 

 of Virginia. 



The status of the Siouans presents great difficulties. We have good 

 evidence that many of them were late comers from some region toward 

 the north, probably including a part of the Ohio Valley. The immi- 

 gration of the Of o, or Mosopelea, into the Yazoo territory from south- 

 ern Ohio may be called historic, and late intrusions of the Biloxi and 

 Quapaw from the same general region are clearly indicated. Finally, 

 all traditions preserved from the eastern Siouan tribes bearing on 

 their origin point to the same section. (Swanton, 1923; 1936.) 

 While the main area of Siouan development is thus fairly well shown, 

 the Siouan languages have structural resemblances to the South- 



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