SWANTON] INDIANS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES 243 



is only one reference to the use of sea salt from the Gulf of Mexico 

 and that is probably erroneous, but there are several regarding salt 

 gathering on the Atlantic coast, and particularly on the coast of the 

 present Carolinas. Dirt or clay eating is noted in Carolina and 

 Florida. 



Fish weirs in the rivers and on Tampa Bay were made out of rough 

 stones, as were some prehistoric forts. The foundations of Timucua 

 granaries and a few houses in Carolina are said to have been of stone, 

 but probably the material was merely a natural tabby. The stone 

 sweat-lodges, of which Lawson speaks, had reference merely to the 

 stones upon which water was thrown and those used in holding down 

 the covering (Lawson, 1860, pp. 85-86). Stone mortars were used 

 in cracking nuts, preparing paints, and, in prehistoric times, in grind- 

 ing corn. Stone projectiles were presumably used with the few 

 slings of which we have made mention. Steatite was used in the 

 manufacture of pipes and some vessels, but the former were made of 

 several other kinds of stone while most of the latter belonged to a 

 remote prehistoric period. A few catlinite pipes were imported from 

 the northwest. Stone was used in manufacturing clubs, axes, wedges, 

 and possibly adzes. At least stone implements were used in hollowing 

 out canoes. Flint of various sorts was employed in the manufacture of 

 arrow, spear, and lance heads, and for all kinds of cutting, piercing, 

 and scraping instruments, including flint-edged clubs or swords. A 

 smooth pebble assisted in the shaping of the insides of pots; there 

 were stone counters and gaming stones including "chunk" stones, 

 while stone images and banner stones are found in the section, though 

 the use of the last mentioned belonged to a prehistoric epoch, and 

 images were rarely made in the historic period. Some arrowheads 

 were of quartz crystal, and crystal was used for ornaments and in 

 religious observances. Colored stones were sometimes placed in the 

 ears for ornaments, there is mention of stone beads in Florida, and 

 we have one reference to importation of turquoises from the far 

 Southwest, 



Paint was made of red ocher, lampblack, black lead, cinnabar, and 

 tobacco-pipe clay. The walls of houses, and often both walls and 

 roofs, were made of clay mixed with grass or Spanish moss. 



Artificial stone, i.e., clay hardened by means of fire, in this case 

 pottery, was extensively employed for all purposes, including the 

 cooking and storing of foods, as salt-boiling pans, and some drums 

 and pipes. Pots were usually tempered with sand or shell. 



Small nodules of copper big enough for manufacture into beads 

 were obtained in certain parts of the Southeast, but most copper 

 used in the section came from Lake Superior, and out of this they 

 made — ^besides beads — gorgets, rings, bracelets, and armbands, ear 



