276 BURElAU OF AMERICAN ETHN'OLCKST [Bull. 137 



Beverley is the only one of the three to speak of a vegetable salt 

 substitute, though his remarks are very general : 



They have no Salt among them, but for seasoning, use the Ashes of Hiccory, 

 Stickweed, or some other Wood or Plant, affording a Salt ash. (Beverley, 1705, 

 bk. 3, p. 15.) 



In the relation of Newport's first expedition, "hempe" and "flaxe" 

 are listed among the productions of Powhatan's field (Smith, Arber 

 ed., 1884, p. XLiv). 



Ground nuts are not mentioned by Smith, but they appear in the 

 narratives of Strachey (1849, p. 72) and Beverley (1705, bk. 3, p. 15), 

 and there is no reason to doubt their identity with Hariot's Openavk. 



None of the Virginia writers speaks of the "Okeepenavk" or "Kai- 

 shcupenauk" of Hariot in such a specific manner as to enable one to 

 identify them. It is still more surprising to find an apparently total 

 absence of any reference to the China briar, or Kantak. Tuckahoe, 

 the "Coscushaw" and "Sacqvenvmmener" of Hariot, has already been 

 discussed. Possibly the "Habascon" of the same writer may be the 

 "small onions" to which Smith and Strachey refer, but that is quite 

 uncertain. The former has been identified with the nondo or an- 

 gelico. Beverley identifies the Sacqvenvmmener of Hariot and the 

 Ocoughtanamnis of Smith with a food to which he gives the name 

 "Cuttanimmons" and describes as "the Fruit of a kind of Arum, 

 growing in the Marshes." He says: "They are like Boyl'd Peas, or 

 Capers to look on, but of an insipid earthy taste" (Beverley, 1705, 

 bk. 3, p. 15). As already suggested, these may be the berries of the 

 Peltandra virginica. 



Turning to fruits, we find the above Virginia writers mention- 

 ing strawberries, mulberries, and huckleberries. Smith and Spel- 

 man also speak of raspberries, though these could hardly have 

 been found in the Powhatan country, while Strachey notes goose- 

 berries and cherries. Instead of persimmons, we find Strachey includ- 

 ing plums, and Beverley peaches. It may be assumed that both per- 

 simmons and wild plums were used, and in Beverley's time peaches 

 had been introduced, so that his reference may be to the European 

 fruit (Beverley, 1705, bk. 3, p. 14) . 



Smith (1907, p. 92) speaks of a "wild rye" and Beverley (1705, bk. 3, 

 p. 14) of "wild oats," which respectively were probably the native 

 wild rye and wild rice. Possibly the "reed" to which Hariot (1893, 

 p. 28) refers, "which beareth a seed almost like unto our rie or 

 wheat," refers to the latter instead of to cane as above suggested. 

 We find no reference to "wild peas." Beverley adds to the above 

 sugar from the sugar maple and, since we know it was obtained as 

 far south as Georgia, while Byrd speaks of sugar maples along 

 Sugartree Creek, in what is now Person County, N. C. (Bassett, 



