SWANTON] INDIANS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES 433 



ashes, having first put in some straw, and then pouring water through 

 and catching the lye at the other end. 



STOCKADES 



Forts are frequently mentioned by the De Soto chroniclers, and a 

 study of their distribution affords some clue to the regions where inter- 

 tribal friction was greatest and where recent or current tribal move- 

 ments may be suspected. As it happens, they did not come upon a 

 stockade in the Timucua country, or at least there is no mention of one 

 there, but we know that Apalu, which appears as the name of a town 

 in the northwestern part of the peninsula, means "fort" (Bourne, 1904, 

 vol. 2, p. T8), and a little later we have a long description of Timucua 

 forts by Le Moyne. (See pi. 57.) Garcilaso is our only early inform- 

 ant who speaks of stockades among the Apalachee, but most of these 

 seem to have been temporary structures erected to oppose the Span- 

 iards (Garcilaso, 1723, pp. 83, 99-100) . Biedma and Ranjel both state 

 that De Soto's army came upon stockaded towns at Chiaha on the 

 Tennessee River (Bourne, 1904, vol. 2, pp. 15, 108). They were prob- 

 ably constructed to repel incursions of the northern tribes. They next 

 appear on the Tallapoosa and Alabama Rivers. Elvas says that Ulli- 

 bahali was fenced, Garcilaso remarks the same of Talisse, and Ren j el 

 of a town southwest of Tuasi. (Robertson, 1933, p. 120; Garcilaso, 

 1723, p. 144; Bourne, 1904, vol. 2, p. 115.) These were on the frontier 

 between the Upper Creeks and the Mobile Indians, but apparently 

 were themselves Creek towns. We know that Mabila itself was fenced 

 and that there were other fenced towns in the country all about. 

 (Bourne, 1904, vol. 2, pp. 18, 19; Robertson, 1933, p. 123 et seq.; Gar- 

 cilaso, 1723, p. 146.) The Chakchiuma town was stockaded, and west 

 of the Chickasaw the Spaniards (Robertson, 1933, p. 143) were con- 

 fronted by a formidable stockade though, according to Biedma and 

 Garcilaso, this was not about a town but erected merely for the pur- 

 pose of opposing the advance of the Europeans. (Bourne, 1904, vol. 2, 

 pp. 24-25, 136; Robertson, 1933, pp. 153-155; Garcilaso, 1723, pp. 172- 

 175.) The Pacaha town in Arkansas had both a moat and a palisade 

 (Bourne, 1904, vol. 2, pp. 28, 139; Robertson, 1933, p. 174; Garcilaso, 

 1723, p. 182) , and its people retired before the Spaniards to a fortified 

 island in the Mississippi higher up, where there was a triple palisade 

 (Garcilaso, 1723, pp. 183-184). Ranjel also implies that the Aquixo 

 and Casqui towns had stockades, but the statement is so general that 

 little reliance may be placed upon it (Bourne, 1904, vol. 2, p. 140). 

 Garcilaso alone of all our authorities affirms that Utiangue, where they 

 spent the winter of 1541-42, was palisaded when the Spaniards entered 

 it, but Elvas speaks as if the latter put up the palisade themselves 



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