464 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Boll. 137 



employed almost entirely in traveling some distance from home, on 

 war and trading expeditions and the like, and sometimes a number 

 of pairs were prepared to carry on an extended journey. Refer- 

 ences taken from the De Soto chroniclers have already been given 

 in treating of the leggings. Elvas describes those skins that had 

 been colored black specifically as the sort in use for shoes (Robert- 

 son, 1933, p. 76). Hariot, Smith, and Strachey do not describe 

 moccasins, nor does White depict them in his drawings, but Bever- 

 ley says: 



Their shoes, when they wear any, are made of an entire piece of Buck-Skin; 

 except when they sow a piece to the bottom, to thicken the soal. They are 

 fasten'd on with running Strings, the Skin being drawn together like a Purse 

 on the top of the Foot, and tyed round the Ankle. The Indian name of this 

 kind of Shoe is Moccasin. (Beverley, 1705, bk. 3, p. 5, pi. 3.) 



He shows moccasins only in three illustrations, two of a man and 

 one of a woman. One, and perhaps all of these, are believed to have 

 been taken from the Swiss traveler, F. L. Michel (see p. 462). Of 

 the tribes farther toward the southwest, Lawson says: 



They wear shoes of buck's and sometimes bear's skin, which they tan in an 

 hour or two, with the bark of trees boiled, wherein they put the leather whilst 

 hot, and let it remain a little while, whereby it becomes so qualified as to 

 endure water and dirt, without growing hard. These have no heels, and 

 are made as fit for the feet as a glove is for the hand, and are very easy 

 to travel in when one is a little used to them. (Lawson, 1S60, p. 311; also 

 Catesby, 1731^3, vol. 2, pp. ix, xiii. ) 



Timberlake (Williams ed., 1927, pp. 76-77) speaks of moccasins as 

 in use by the Cherokee both in his period and in times truly aboriginal, 

 and Bartram describes the Creek footgear thus : 



The stillepica [from illin-paka, the calf of the leg] or moccasin defends and 

 adorns the feet; it seems to be in imitation of the ancient buskin or sandal, 

 very Ingeniously made of deer skins, dressed very soft, and curiously orna- 

 mented according to fancy. (Bartram, 1792, p. 5(X).) 



The Creeks who accompained Oglethorpe in his St. Augustine 

 expedition of 1743 wore "Morgissons, or Pumps of Deer or Buffalo 

 Skin" (Kimber, 1744, p. 16). 



Of the Chickasaw, Adair remarks : 



They make their shoes for common use, out of the skins of the bear and elk, 

 well dressed and smoked, to prevent hardening; and those for ornament, out 

 of deer-skins, done in the lil^e manner : but they chiefly go bare-footed, and 

 always bare-headed. (Adair, 1775, p. 9. ) 



Both were probably made much after the manner of the Yuchi 

 moccasin described and figured by Speck (1909, p. 48). 



Du Pratz, in speaking of the Natchez shoe, takes more pains in his 

 description than anyone else: 



The men and women seldom wear moccasins when they are not traveling. 

 The moccasins of the natives are made of deerskins. They come together 



