518 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 137 



of this sort is widely used by the neighboring Sauls and Fox and Osage and 

 it may be that we are dealing here with a borrowed idea. Not only the idea of 

 the necliband, but also many of the decorative motives brought out on it, 

 may possibly be traceable to Sauk and Fox or other foreign sources. The re- 

 ligious interests of the Yuchi are largely concerned with supernatural beings 

 residing in the sky and clouds, so we find many of the conventional designs 

 on these neckbands interpreted as clouds, sun, sunrise, and sunset effects, and 

 so on. Animal representations, however, are sparingly found, while on the 

 other hand representations of rivers, mountains, land, and earth, are quite 

 frequent. On the whole it seems that most of the expression of the art of these 

 Indians is to be found on their neckbands and the hair ornaments. In thus 

 bearing the burden of conventional artistic expression in a tribe, the neckband 

 of the Yuchi is something like the moccasin of the Plains, the i)ottery of 

 the Southwest and the basketry of California. (Speck, 1909, p. 50.) 



Le Moyne shows many necklaces, both simple and multiple, in 

 his figures of Florida Indians, which in a few cases are supplemented, 

 or supplanted, by strings passing over one shoulder and under the 

 opposite arm. The Calusa or Tekesta chief seen by San Miguel had 

 "strings of beads of four or six fingers in breadth" hung about his 

 neck (Garcia, 1902, p. 210) . At Key Marco Gushing found 



numerous objects of personal investure and adornment . . . Aside from shell 

 beads, pendants and gorgets, of kinds found usually in other southern relic 

 sites, there were buttons, cord-knobs of large oliva-shells, and many little conical 

 wooden plugs that had obviously formed the cores of tassels: [and] sliding- 

 beads of elaborately carved deer horn — for double cords. (Gushing, 1896, p. 374.) 



Some of these entered into the composition of necklaces, while others 

 were attached to the clothing. He also noted "here and there, bunches 

 of long, delicate, semi-translucent fish-spines" which he thought "in- 

 dicated use either as necklaces or wristlets" (Gushing, 1896, p. 376) . 



Single or multiple strings of beads were also worn on the Missis- 

 sippi, but little is said of them by our principal authorities, and many 

 of them, even in their time, were composed of trade beads. 



Some neck ornaments fitted so closely that they might rather be 

 called collars. It is not always easy to separate the collar from the 

 necklace, as for instance when Kibault describes "a pearl hanging to 

 a collar of gold" about the neck of a Timucua Indian (French, 1875, 

 p. 178 ; Swanton, 1922, p. 350) . Timberlake (Williams ed., 1927, p. 76) 

 tells us that Gherokee who could afford it wore "a collar of wampum," 

 and Bartram (1792, p. 501) also enumerates "a collar about the neck" 

 among Greek ornaments, a true collar in this case, if the frontispiece of 

 his work may be relied upon (see pi. 31, fig. 2) , but nothing of the sort 

 is to be found in the writings of Adair or those who have discussed the 

 Mississippi tribes. By the Alabama Indians this object was called 

 wa'taga. 



Gorgets constitute a special type of necklace. They were sometimes 

 of shell, sometime of metal, and probably sometimes of stone or other 

 material, but we have references in the literature to the first two only. 



