546 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 187 



Catesby (1731-43, vol. 2, p. xi) says that "the bowls of their tobacco- 

 pipes are whimsically, tho' very neatly, made and polished, of black, 

 white, green, red, and gray marble, to which they fix a reed of a con- 

 venient length." The only reference to smoking in Florida is of 

 "earthen pipes" (Hakluyt, 1847-87, vol. 3, p. 615 ; Swanton, 1922, p. 

 360). 



As usual, Adair gives us one of the longest descriptions. He says : 



They make beautiful stone pipes; and the Cheerake the best of anj^ of the 

 Indians: for their mountainous country contains many different sorts and 

 colours of soils proper for such uses. They easily form them with their tomo- 

 hawks, and afterward finish them in any desired form with their knives; the 

 pipes being of a very soft quality till they are smoked with, and used to the fire, 

 when they become quite hard. They are often a full span long, and the bowls 

 are about half as large again as those of our English pipes. The fore part of each 

 commonly runs out with a sharp peak, two or three fingers broad, and a quarter 

 of an inch thick — on both sides of the bowl, lengthwise, they cut several pictures 

 with a g;reat deal of skill and labour ; such as a buffalo and a panther on the oppo- 

 site sides of the bowl ; a rabbit and a fox ; and, very often, a man and a woman 

 pu7'is naturalihus. Their sculpture cannot much be commended for its modesty. 

 The savages work so slow, that one of their artists is two months at a pipe with his 

 knife, before he finishes it : indeed, as before observed, they are great enemies 

 to profuse sweating, and are never in a hurry about a good thing. The stems 

 are commonly made of soft wood about two feet long, and an inch thick, cut into 

 four squares, each scooped till they join very near the hollow of the stem; the 

 beaus always hollow the squares, except a little af each comer to hold them 

 together, to which they fasten a parcel of bell-buttons, different sorts of fine 

 feathers, and several small battered pieces of copper kettles hammered, round 

 deer-skin thongs, and a red-painted scalp ; this is a boasting, valuable, and super- 

 lative ornament. According to their standard, such a pipe constitutes the pos- 

 sessor, a grand beau. They so accurately carve, or paint hieroglyphic characters 

 on the stem, that the war-actions, and the tribe of the owner, with a great many 

 circumstances of things, are fully delineated. (Adair, 1775, pp. 423-424.) 



The skill of the Cherokee as pipe makers having been so highly 

 commended, what Timberlake reports during his visit in the Cherokee 

 country is of particular interest. He says that the bowl of the peace- 

 pipe 



was of red stone, curiously cut with a knife, it being very soft, tho' extremely 

 pretty when polished. Some of these are of black stone, and some of the same 

 earth they make their pots with, but beautifully diversified. The stem is about 

 three feet long, finely adorned with porcupine quills, dyed feathers, deers hair, 

 and such like gaudy trifles. (Timberlake, 1927, Williams ed., p. 39.) 



The red pipes were also in use among the Choctaw, and, inasmuch as 

 we are told that they were imported from the Illinois country (Swan- 

 ton, 1918, p. 67), it is evident that we have to deal with the material 

 from the famous red pipestone quarry of Minnesota or from one of 

 the other similar quarries in Wisconsin. A "red pipe" in the pos- 

 session of the Chickasaw and obtained by them from the Quapaw was 

 evidently of the same material. The Quapaw had gotten this in turn 

 from a tribe with a name which suggests that of the Lower Creek town 



