S WANTON] IND'IAISIS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED SfTATES 547 



Osochi, but was probably intended for Osage. It may be added that a 

 catlinite pipe was found by the workers of the Museum of the American 

 Indian while engaged in excavating the Nacoochee mound in the old 

 territory of the Cherokee in northern Georgia (Heye et al., 1918, p. 

 77, pi. 49, a). About the end of the eighteenth century, Swan reports 

 that all of the pipes in the Creek nation were made by one Indian 

 living in the Natchez town, the only one who knew where the "black 

 marble" of which they were formed was to be obtained (Swan, 1855, 

 p. 692). One of the few Indians now among the Cherokee who are 

 still able to use the Natchez language is skilful in the manufacture of 

 pipes, also from a black stone, though this is obtained somewhere in 

 Oklahoma. In the sixteenth century, ambassadors on peace missions 

 used flageolets, but by the time the French descended and ascended the 

 Mississippi E-iver late in the seventeenth century, the use of the calu- 

 met had extended over its entire course. In 1687 the Cahinnio, a Caddo 

 tribe half way between Caddo Lake and th$ mouth of Arkansas River, 

 made use of the custom, but it had not been adopted by their relatives 

 farther west, though it had reached them a few years afterward ( Joutel 

 in Margry, 1875-86, vol. 3, pp. 418-419) . To the east it extended to the 

 Creeks, but seems not to have had the same significance among them 

 as it had along the Mississippi. The calumet, it is to be remembered, 

 was not properly the pipe but a highly ornamented and symbolic stem. 

 The stem used in a peace-making ceremony remained with the chief 

 who had received the embassy while the pipe bowl was taken out and 

 carried back by the visitors. This bowl was usually, it seems, made 

 of the red stone from the north of which we have spoken. Dumont, 

 who probably had the Natchez chiefly in mind, says that the bowl was 

 usually made of a red stone but sometimes of a black one (Dumont, 

 1753, vol. 1, pp. 190-192 ; Swanton, 1911, p. 139) . This latter may very 

 well have come from the Cherokee country, though it is perhaps as 

 likely that there were several different sources of the material. 



CHUNKEY STONES 



Another stone object upon which great care was bestowed was the 

 roller used in the so-called Chunkey game. Museum collections con- 

 tain many specimens, which agree in general with what Adair says 

 of these objects. He describes the ones known to him, which would 

 be those in common use among the Chickasaw, as "about two fingers 

 broad at the edge, and two spans round." 



The hurling stones they use at present, were time immemorial rubbed smooth 

 on the rocks, and with prodigious labour; they are kept with the strictest re- 

 ligious care, from one generation to another, and are exempted from being 

 buried with the dead. They belong to the town where they are used, and are 

 carefully preserved. (Adair, 1775, p. 402.) 



