646 BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 137 



in the dependent Town, who is at once Governour, Judge, Chancellour, and has 

 the same Power and Authority which the King himself has in the Town where 

 he resides. This Viceroy is oblig'd to pay to his Principal some small Tribute, 

 as an acknowledgment of his submission, as likewise to follow him to his Wars, 

 whenever he is requir'd. (Beverley, 1705, bk. 3, pp. 10-11.) 



However, we are told that the Chickahominy tribe was ruled by 

 their priests, and that the Chesapeake remained unconquered. 



There are passages in the narratives of the Raleigh colony that 

 confirm the Virginia narratives. The general situation is thus dealt 

 with by Hariot: 



In some places of the countrey one onely towne belongeth to the gouernment 

 of a Wiroans or chief e Lorde ; in other some two or three, in some sixe, eight, 

 & more; the greatest Wirdans that yet we had dealing with had but eighteene 

 townes in his gouernment, and able to make not aboue seuen or eight hundred 

 figthing men at the most : The language of euery gouernment is different from 

 any other, and the farther they are distant the greater is the difference. 

 (Hariot, 1893, p. 36.) 



And we have further confirmation of the state observed by chiefs 

 and their wives from Barlowe : 



There came downe from all parts great store of people, bringing with them 

 leather, corall, divers kindes of dies, very excellent, and exchanged with us: 

 but when Granganimeo the kings brother was present, none durst trade but 

 himselfe : except such as weare red pieces of copper on their heads like him- 

 selfe: for that is the difference betweene the noble men, and the governours 

 of countreys, and the meaner sort. And we both noted there, and you have 

 understood since by these men, which we brought home, that no people in 

 the worlde cary more respect to their King, Nobilitie, and Governours, then 

 these doe. The Kings brothers wife, when she came to us (as she did many 

 times) was followed with forty or fifty women alwayes: and when she came 

 into the shippe, she left them all on land, saving her two daughters, her 

 nurse and one or two more. The Kings brother alwayes kept this order, as 

 many boates as he would come withall to the shippes, so many fires would hee 

 make on the shore a farre off, to the end we might understand with what 

 strength and company he approached. (Burrage, 1906, p. 233.) 



The chieftainess of a town at the northern end of Roanoke Island 

 who entertained them, had the bows and arrows of some returning 

 hunters broken and the men themselves beaten in order to reassure 

 her guests (Burrage, 1906, p. 236). 



The Siouan tribes were in general small in numbers, yet in some 

 of them the chief was as absolute as Powhatan. Of their govern- 

 ment in general Lawson says: 



The king is the ruler of the nation, and has others under him, as his war 

 captains, and counsellors, who are picked out and chosen from among the 

 ancientest men of the nation he is king of. These meet him in all general 

 councils and debates, concerning war, peace, trade, hunting, and all the ad- 

 ventures and accidents of human affairs, which appear within their verge; 

 where all affairs are discoursed of and argued pro and con, very deliberately 

 (without making any manner of parties or divisions) for the good of the public; 



