SwANTONl INDIANS OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES 693 



was declared against an enemy by sticking up arrows with hair on 

 the ends along the trail. Towns were sometimes surrounded with 

 stockades, the stockade overlapping at the entrance, where there was 

 also a small house to accommodate two sentinels. Men out fishing were 

 protected by means of a watchman, and a sentinel who failed in his 

 duty was cruelly punished by being beaten on the head with a heavy 

 club. If it was necessary, we are informed that the course of a 

 stream might be diverted so that it passed near the gate of the fort. 

 Information was conveyed by means of smoke signals, and fire 

 arrows were used to ignite the roofs of enemy dwellings. Before 

 setting out on an expedition, warriors bathed in an infusion of cer- 

 tain herbs. Saturiwa, on such an occasion, sprinkled water over his 

 chiefs and poured more over the fire so as to extinguish it, these acts 

 having symbolical significance (pi. 82). Provisions w^ere carried 

 along by women, boys, and male concubines. Saturiwa's men pre- 

 served no order on the march, but those of Utina went in regular 

 ranks and encamped in parties of tens ranged in concentric circles 

 about their chief. On the wings of the army were scouts. Adult male 

 enemies were killed and their heads carried off to be scalped later if 

 there was no time to do this at once, reed knives being used for this 

 purpose. From the experience of Juan Ortiz it is evident that male 

 prisoners were sometimes taken to be tortured to death later. The 

 women and children were also brought home alive. We are told that 

 the side which was first to kill a man of the enemy claimed the victory 

 though it might have lost more in actual numbers. If there was time, 

 they dried the scalps they had taken before their return and cut off 

 parts of the bodies of their enemies, which they also brought home and 

 dried. For some religious reason they shot arrows as deeply as 

 possible into the arms of each enemy corpse.^^^ After their return, 

 they hung the scalps and other fragments of human flesh on a row of 

 poles and a sorcerer cursed these, holding an image in his hand which 

 was possibly the one that had been taken on the expedition. He was 

 accompanied by three musicians, one of whom beat on a flat stone, 

 while the others used rattles. We are informed that this sort of 

 celebration was held every time they returned from the war. Sat- 

 uriwa shared his scalps with his subchiefs and hung the one he had 

 taken before his door crowned with branches of laurel. In the after- 

 noon they mourned for the dead, but at night this gave place to sing- 

 ing and dancing (Swanton, 1922, pp. 377-381). 



Among the Creeks and Chickasaw, war parties were organized and 

 war expeditions carried on in about the same manner. A warrior 

 wore his breechclout and belt, and moccasins, and was painted red and 

 black. He carried a blanket, cords, and leather with which to repair his 



•6a An expurgation Is suspected here. 



