736 BUREAU OP AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY [Bull. 137 



They will draw maps very exactly of all the rivers, towns, mountains and 

 roads, or what you shall enquire of them, which you may draw by their 

 directions, and come to a small matter of latitude, reckoned by their day's 

 journeys. These maps they will draw in the ashes of the fire, and some- 

 times upon a mat or piece of bark. I have put a pen and ink into a sav- 

 age's hand, and he has drawn me the rivers, bays, and other parts of coun- 

 try, which afterwards I have found to agree with a great deal of nicety. 

 But you must be very much in their favor, otherwise they will never make 

 these discoveries to you, especially if it be in their own quarters. (Lawson, 

 1860, p. 333.) 



We have in the map of Lanihatty (Bushnell, 1908, pi. 35) an ex- 

 ample of native map dra\Ying which is far from indicating exceed- 

 ing accuracy, but in this case the territory represented inclndes re- 

 gions remote from the cartographer's native land, and through most 

 of vrhichhe was carried rapidly as a captive. 



TRADE 



In pre-Columbian times few Indians of the Southeastern tribes 

 traveled very far from home, but there were some exceptions, native 

 traders or individuals of a curious or vagrant type of mind such 

 as are to be found in all classes of society, civilized as well as sav- 

 age. Du Pratz speaks of a Yazoo who asserted he had been as far 

 west as the shores of the Pacific (Le Page du Pratz, 1758, vol. 3, 

 pp. 89-128), some Chickasaw are said to have reached Mexico, and 

 we know that they constantly crossed the Mississippi to make war 

 on the Caddo. General Milfort claims to have taken a band of 

 Creeks far up Red River to a place where they believed their an- 

 cestors formerly lived (Milfort, 1802, pp. 86-111), but in his time the 

 western emigration of the southern Indians due to the pressure of 

 the whites and the attractiveness of western hunting fields had al- 

 leady begun. In late colonial times there appears to have been a 

 Chickasaw settlement in Pennsylvania, and in the early part of the 

 eighteenth century the Iroquois on one side and the Cherokee and 

 Siouan Indians on the other maintained a bitter war. Most of this, 

 however, was at a relatively late period. 



Trade is determined to a considerable extent by the distribution 

 of raw materials which have a demand value at a given place and 

 time. This distribution has already been discussed, and we have also 

 noted two general drifts of trade, from the coast inland and vice 

 versa, and between the mountains or uplands and the plains, of which 

 the intercourse between the tribes of the lower Mississippi and the 

 Caddo may be regarded as a special case. 



Cabeza de Vaca gives some interesting information relative to the 

 trade carried on by coast and interior peoples of Texas between 

 the Brazos and Guadalupe Rivers, a trade in which he himself took 

 part (Cabeza de Vaca, Bandelier ed., 1905, pp. 74-75). In the ter- 



