800 BUREAU OF AMErRICAK* ETHXOLOCY [Bull. 137 



Algonquian people had penetrated the area under consideration 

 along the eastern seaboard so as to include Chesapeake Bay and the 

 Sound region of North Carolina. At a much later period a central 

 Algonquian tribe, the Shawnee, settled upon Cumberland River and 

 still later gave off branches to the southward which added significant 

 elements to the histories of Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. 

 One small division of the Illinois Confederation, the Michigamea, 

 reached northeastern Arkansas before the coming of the whites, but 

 their history is really part of that of the upper Mississippi Valley 

 and they require scant notice here. 



Iroquoians were represented by four tribes, or confederations of 

 tribes, in the area under consideration. One of these, the Tuscarora, 

 with which the Coree and Neusiok were perhaps affiliated, were settled 

 upon the Roanoke, Neuse, Tar, and Pamlico Rivers ; on the Meherrin 

 River was a small related tribe of that name; and beyond them the 

 Nottoway, also on a river which perpetuates their name. After the 

 Tuscarora War of 1711-13 that tribe and its immediate allies moved 

 north and united with the Five Nations of the Iroquois. More signifi- 

 cant in the history of the Southeast were the Cherokee, who spoke a 

 language diverging considerably from other Iroquoian tongues. They 

 occupied the region of the southern Appalachians to which they had 

 perhaps descended at a rather recent period from homes farther north. 



The Caddoan stock was represented by a group of tribes bearing the 

 general name Caddo, living in and near the point where the States of 

 Louisiana, Texas, Arkansas, and Oklahoma come together. 



The Siouan peoples were represented in four different areas. Two 

 of these were occupied by single tribes, and a third by 20 tribes or 

 more which covered most of the Piedmont region of Virginia and 

 North and South Carolina besides the Coastal Plain of South Carolina 

 between Cape Fear River and Bull Bay. It also extended over most of 

 West Virginia and an indefinite distance westward. These tribes 

 formed two distinct dialectic groups : a northern, in Virginia and to 

 the westward ; and a southern, in the Carolinas. One of the two iso- 

 lated tribes, the Biloxi, was about the bay which has received its name 

 and on Pascagoula River, while the other was along the lower course 

 of the Yazoo in the present State of Mississippi. This last, the Ofo, 

 however, descended from the Ohio River region at a very late period, 

 and it is believed that the appearance of the Biloxi near the Gulf of 

 Mexico was also late. At the mouth of Arkansas River was a Siouan 

 tribe, the Quapaw, connected with the great western division of this 

 family. 



The Muskhogean stock is the stock of the Southeast par excellence. 

 It occupied the central section, the very heart of the Gulf region 



