﻿THE 
  MIXIXG 
  AND 
  QUARRY 
  INDUSTRY 
  I908 
  6l 
  

  

  around 
  Cleveland 
  in 
  Oswego 
  county. 
  A 
  quantity 
  of 
  glass 
  sand 
  was 
  

   at 
  one 
  time 
  produced 
  in 
  Oneida 
  county 
  from 
  the 
  Oneida 
  lake 
  area 
  

   and 
  a 
  quartz 
  rock 
  was 
  crushed 
  at 
  Ellenville 
  in 
  Ulster 
  county. 
  The 
  

   exhaustion 
  of 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  Oneida 
  lake 
  beds 
  and 
  the 
  closing 
  down 
  

   of 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  Xew 
  York 
  State 
  glass 
  factories 
  have 
  combined, 
  

   however, 
  to 
  bring 
  the 
  industry 
  to 
  its 
  present 
  condition. 
  

  

  Building 
  sand. 
  The 
  one 
  great 
  universal 
  use 
  of 
  sand 
  is 
  for 
  build- 
  

   ing 
  purposes, 
  either 
  mixed 
  with 
  cement, 
  making 
  cement 
  mortar 
  or 
  

   mixed 
  with 
  lime 
  to 
  form 
  the 
  ordinary 
  lime 
  mortar. 
  For 
  these 
  

   purposes, 
  specifications 
  usually 
  call 
  for 
  a 
  clean, 
  sharp 
  sand 
  free 
  

   from 
  clay 
  or 
  other 
  impurities 
  and 
  frequently 
  stipulate 
  that 
  it 
  be 
  

   screened. 
  The 
  addition 
  of 
  sand 
  to 
  portland 
  cement, 
  if 
  the 
  proper 
  

   sand 
  and 
  mixture 
  are 
  used, 
  not 
  only 
  decreases 
  the 
  final 
  cost 
  as 
  

   compared 
  to 
  pure 
  cement, 
  but 
  also 
  increases 
  the 
  strength 
  of 
  the 
  

   resulting 
  mortar. 
  Experiments 
  carried 
  on 
  by 
  ]\Ir 
  L. 
  C. 
  Sabin^ 
  seem 
  

   to 
  indicate 
  that 
  the 
  mineral 
  composition 
  of 
  the 
  sand 
  need 
  not 
  

   necessarily 
  be 
  of 
  quartz 
  grains 
  but 
  that 
  "a 
  sand 
  composed 
  of 
  any 
  

   mineral, 
  even 
  limestone, 
  will 
  make 
  a 
  good 
  mortar, 
  provided 
  that 
  the 
  

   grains 
  are 
  not 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  character 
  as 
  to 
  undergo 
  further 
  serious 
  

   alteration. 
  In 
  regard 
  to 
  the 
  shape 
  of 
  grain 
  he 
  states 
  that 
  sharp 
  and 
  

   angular 
  grains 
  are 
  the 
  most 
  satisfactory 
  although 
  lenticular 
  grains 
  

   give 
  good 
  satisfaction. 
  The 
  sand 
  should 
  be 
  of 
  coarse 
  grain 
  or 
  a 
  

   mixture 
  of 
  coarse 
  and 
  fine 
  grains, 
  such 
  sands 
  packing 
  together 
  so 
  

   as 
  to 
  leave 
  less 
  pore 
  space 
  and 
  therefore 
  requiring 
  a 
  relatively 
  small 
  

   amount 
  of 
  cement 
  to 
  form 
  an 
  impervious 
  mortar. 
  A 
  small 
  per- 
  

   centage 
  of 
  clay 
  or 
  rock 
  dust 
  is 
  not 
  objectionable 
  provided 
  the 
  mortar 
  

   is 
  not 
  to 
  come 
  in 
  contact 
  with 
  sea 
  water 
  which 
  causes 
  some 
  disin- 
  

   tegration 
  of 
  such 
  a 
  material. 
  

  

  New 
  York 
  State 
  is 
  well 
  supplied 
  with 
  building 
  sand. 
  The 
  

   greater 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  State 
  was 
  buried 
  under 
  the 
  glacial 
  sheet 
  during 
  

   the 
  glacial 
  period 
  and 
  instead 
  of 
  a 
  mantle 
  of 
  residual 
  clay 
  such 
  as 
  

   covers 
  nonglaciated 
  areas, 
  we 
  have 
  covering 
  the 
  surface 
  an 
  irregu- 
  

   lar 
  mantle 
  of 
  boulder 
  clay 
  containing 
  pockets 
  of 
  stratified 
  sand 
  and 
  

   gravel, 
  sorted 
  and 
  deposited 
  by 
  the 
  glacial 
  streams 
  and 
  lakes, 
  while 
  

   the 
  more 
  recent 
  waters 
  have 
  also 
  re-sorted 
  some 
  of 
  the 
  material 
  and 
  

   deposited 
  it 
  along 
  the 
  present 
  streams. 
  Almost 
  everv 
  farm 
  in 
  

   central 
  and 
  western 
  New 
  York 
  contains 
  a 
  sand 
  and 
  gravel 
  pit 
  ; 
  

   large 
  amounts 
  are 
  found 
  along 
  the 
  Niagara 
  river, 
  Lake 
  Erie, 
  Lake 
  

   Ontario, 
  while 
  the 
  borders 
  of 
  the 
  Hudson 
  have 
  some 
  laro:e 
  banks 
  

   of 
  it 
  which 
  were 
  deposited 
  while 
  the 
  Hudson 
  river 
  waters 
  were 
  at 
  

  

  1 
  Sabin. 
  L. 
  C. 
  Cement 
  and 
  Concrete. 
  Xew 
  York, 
  1907. 
  p. 
  184. 
  

  

  