﻿8 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  Pamelia 
  (Stones 
  river) 
  formation 
  in 
  the 
  region. 
  It 
  was 
  found 
  

   to 
  extend 
  across 
  the 
  Clayton 
  quadrangle 
  with 
  increasing 
  thickness 
  

   and 
  into 
  Canada 
  in 
  much 
  greater 
  force 
  than 
  could 
  have 
  been 
  in- 
  

   ferred. 
  About 
  Kingston 
  it 
  has 
  much 
  the 
  same 
  thickness 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  

   Clayton 
  region 
  and 
  it 
  probably 
  runs 
  from 
  there 
  westward 
  all 
  the 
  

   way 
  across 
  Ontario 
  as 
  the 
  basal 
  member 
  of 
  the 
  Paleozoic 
  series 
  

   of 
  that 
  district. 
  It 
  also 
  extends 
  up 
  the 
  Black 
  river 
  valley 
  in 
  

   greater 
  thickness 
  than 
  could 
  have 
  been 
  anticipated 
  from 
  any 
  pub- 
  

   lished 
  descriptions 
  of 
  the 
  region. 
  Detailed 
  field 
  work 
  has 
  definitely 
  

   determined 
  an 
  unconformity 
  between 
  it 
  and 
  the 
  overlying 
  Low- 
  

   ville 
  limestone. 
  

  

  The 
  Paleozoic 
  rocks 
  of 
  the 
  district 
  display 
  a 
  series 
  of 
  low 
  folds 
  

   in 
  two 
  directions, 
  one 
  trending 
  northeast 
  and 
  another 
  of 
  later 
  date 
  

   and 
  minor 
  amount 
  trending- 
  northwest 
  and 
  folding- 
  the 
  earlier 
  folds, 
  

   producing 
  domes 
  at 
  intersections 
  of 
  the 
  arches 
  of 
  the 
  two 
  sets 
  

   and 
  shallow 
  basins 
  at 
  trough 
  intersections. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  specially 
  noticeable 
  in 
  the 
  southern 
  half 
  of 
  the 
  Clayton 
  area 
  

   that 
  the 
  dip 
  of 
  the 
  rocks 
  and 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  the 
  drainage 
  coin- 
  

   cide. 
  Wherever 
  the 
  gradient 
  of 
  the 
  streams 
  becomes 
  steeper 
  than 
  

   the 
  dip, 
  there 
  has 
  resulted 
  a 
  local 
  downcutting 
  which 
  brings 
  to 
  

   light 
  the 
  lower 
  strata 
  in 
  patches 
  entirely 
  inclosed 
  by 
  the 
  higher; 
  il- 
  

   lustrated 
  particularly 
  by 
  the 
  exposure 
  of 
  irregular 
  patches 
  along 
  

   active 
  or 
  abandoned 
  stream 
  channels, 
  of 
  the 
  Lowville 
  limestone 
  

   in 
  the 
  midst 
  of 
  a 
  blanket 
  of 
  the 
  Black 
  River 
  limestone. 
  Dr 
  Ruede- 
  

   mann 
  who 
  has 
  studied 
  and 
  plotted 
  these. 
  areas 
  regards 
  them 
  as 
  of 
  

   identical 
  character 
  with 
  the 
  '' 
  Fenster 
  '' 
  of 
  the 
  German 
  geologists, 
  

   windows 
  out 
  of 
  which 
  look 
  the 
  lower 
  formations. 
  As 
  an 
  English 
  

   term 
  of 
  equivalence 
  he 
  proposes 
  the 
  expression 
  erosion 
  inUcrs 
  as 
  

   distinguished 
  from 
  the 
  more 
  usual 
  depositional 
  inliers 
  which 
  are 
  

   of 
  'tectonic 
  origin. 
  Besides 
  these 
  erosion 
  inliers 
  the 
  same 
  area 
  also 
  

   exhibits 
  patches 
  of 
  the 
  Lowville 
  beds 
  exposed 
  in 
  the 
  mantle 
  of 
  over- 
  

   lying 
  Black 
  River 
  limestone 
  by 
  solution 
  of 
  the 
  latter 
  along 
  joint 
  

   planes 
  making 
  sohition 
  inliers. 
  Though 
  these 
  are 
  usually 
  of 
  small 
  

   area 
  yet 
  some 
  are 
  larg-e 
  enough 
  to 
  record 
  on 
  the 
  topographic 
  base. 
  

   Another 
  erosional 
  phenomenon 
  of 
  interest 
  better 
  exhibited 
  on 
  the 
  

   Clayton 
  sheet 
  than 
  elsewhere 
  in 
  the 
  State 
  is 
  expressed 
  by 
  long 
  

   tongues 
  of 
  Black 
  River 
  beds 
  capping 
  narrow 
  ridges 
  that 
  project 
  

   northward 
  in 
  groups 
  from 
  the 
  Black 
  River 
  zone. 
  The 
  ridges 
  in 
  

   each 
  group 
  are 
  of 
  subequal 
  width 
  and 
  parallel 
  to 
  each 
  other. 
  Tliey 
  

   are 
  believed 
  by 
  Dr 
  Ruedemann 
  to 
  have 
  originated 
  from 
  the 
  pluck- 
  

   ing* 
  action 
  of 
  the 
  glacial 
  ice 
  along 
  joint 
  planes 
  and 
  their 
  main 
  di- 
  

   rection 
  is 
  consequently 
  parallel 
  to 
  the 
  direction 
  of 
  the 
  principal 
  

   joints 
  in 
  each 
  locality 
  and 
  to 
  the 
  movement 
  of 
  the 
  ice. 
  

  

  