﻿176 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  of 
  them 
  are 
  too 
  small 
  to 
  have 
  been 
  indicatied 
  on 
  the 
  preliminary 
  

   maps, 
  althdugh 
  there 
  is 
  no 
  doubt 
  that 
  the 
  mapping 
  of 
  the 
  quad- 
  

   rangles 
  will 
  bring 
  out 
  a 
  considerable 
  number 
  of 
  them. 
  One, 
  a 
  

  

  Black 
  River 
  

   limestone 
  

  

  Lowville 
  

   limestone 
  

  

  A. 
  B. 
  

  

  Fig. 
  is 
  Diagrammatic 
  cross 
  section 
  of 
  Perch 
  river 
  

   at 
  AB 
  in 
  figure 
  14 
  

  

  quarter 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  long, 
  where 
  the 
  Esopus 
  shale 
  appears 
  from 
  under 
  

   the 
  Onondaga 
  limestone, 
  is 
  shown 
  on 
  Darton's 
  map 
  of 
  Albany 
  

   county 
  [N. 
  Y. 
  State 
  Geol. 
  Rep't 
  for 
  1895] 
  directly 
  south 
  of 
  

   Clarksville. 
  

  

  Many 
  such 
  small 
  inliers 
  are 
  also 
  to 
  be 
  expected 
  in 
  the 
  Sahna 
  

   beds, 
  where 
  the 
  gypsum 
  beds 
  have 
  been 
  dissolved 
  out. 
  As 
  

   an 
  example 
  that 
  has 
  found 
  expression 
  on 
  the 
  maps, 
  we 
  cite 
  the 
  

   exposure 
  of 
  Salina 
  gypsum 
  in 
  the 
  Salina 
  (Bertie) 
  waterlime 
  north 
  

   of 
  Union 
  Springs.^ 
  The 
  gypsum 
  beds 
  form 
  here 
  a 
  good 
  horizon, 
  

   which 
  in 
  several 
  places 
  is 
  exposed 
  from 
  under 
  the 
  overlying 
  

   Bertie 
  waterlime, 
  partly 
  by 
  natural 
  erosion 
  (sinking 
  in 
  of 
  the 
  sur- 
  

   face 
  through 
  partial 
  solution 
  of 
  the 
  gypsum) 
  and 
  partly 
  by 
  quarry- 
  

   ing. 
  

  

  There 
  exists 
  in 
  the 
  United 
  States 
  a 
  region 
  where 
  large 
  solution 
  

   inliers 
  are 
  the 
  most 
  prominent 
  physiographic 
  feature 
  of 
  the 
  country. 
  

   This 
  is 
  where 
  the 
  Carboniferous 
  limestones 
  in 
  Kentucky 
  and 
  Ten- 
  

   nessee, 
  through 
  their 
  great 
  solubility, 
  provide 
  subterranean 
  courses 
  

   for 
  the 
  atmospheric 
  waters. 
  There 
  the 
  majority 
  of 
  the 
  brooks 
  

   disappear 
  in 
  sink 
  holes. 
  Frequently 
  these 
  sink 
  holes 
  grow 
  into 
  

   larger 
  depressed 
  areas, 
  so 
  called 
  '' 
  sinks," 
  and 
  in 
  some 
  cases 
  these 
  

   depressed 
  areas, 
  arising 
  from 
  subterranean 
  solution 
  by 
  the 
  ground 
  

   water, 
  are 
  square 
  miles 
  in 
  size. 
  They 
  are 
  then 
  locally 
  called 
  

   '* 
  coves." 
  In 
  these 
  " 
  sinks 
  " 
  and 
  " 
  coves 
  " 
  the 
  older 
  formations 
  are 
  

   exposed 
  as 
  true 
  inliers. 
  We 
  insert 
  here 
  a 
  sketch 
  \^see 
  text 
  fig. 
  16- 
  

   18] 
  of 
  a 
  sink 
  and 
  of 
  a 
  cove 
  taken 
  from 
  the 
  Standingstone 
  (Tenn.) 
  

   Folio, 
  which 
  is 
  used 
  in 
  Salisbury 
  and 
  Atwood's 
  instructive 
  

   paper, 
  The 
  Interpretation 
  of 
  Typographic 
  Maps^ 
  to 
  illustrate 
  the 
  

   eitects 
  of 
  ground 
  water. 
  In 
  this 
  special 
  case 
  the 
  Newman 
  lime- 
  

   stone 
  forms 
  inliers 
  in 
  the 
  overlying 
  Pennington 
  shale. 
  

  

  ^ 
  See 
  N. 
  Y. 
  State 
  Mus. 
  Bui. 
  69. 
  1903. 
  Map 
  facing 
  p. 
  1130. 
  

   'Salisbury, 
  R. 
  D. 
  & 
  Atwood, 
  W. 
  W. 
  Professional 
  Paper 
  No. 
  60, 
  U. 
  S. 
  

   Geol. 
  Sur. 
  1908. 
  

  

  