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  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  those 
  responsible 
  for 
  typhoid 
  fever. 
  The 
  monthly 
  bulletin 
  of 
  the 
  

   New 
  York 
  State 
  Department 
  of 
  Health 
  for 
  October 
  1908, 
  states 
  

   that 
  during 
  1907 
  there 
  were 
  in 
  New 
  York 
  State 
  37,370 
  deaths 
  of 
  

   infants 
  under 
  2 
  years 
  of 
  age, 
  9213 
  being 
  due 
  to 
  diarrhoea 
  and 
  

   enteritis. 
  Careful 
  investigators, 
  it 
  is 
  stated, 
  have 
  placed 
  the 
  pro- 
  

   portion 
  of 
  deaths 
  between 
  bottle-fed 
  and 
  breast-fed 
  babies 
  as 
  25 
  

   to 
  I. 
  Physicians 
  recognize 
  the 
  necessity 
  of 
  providing 
  pure 
  milk 
  

   for 
  young 
  children, 
  and 
  in 
  most 
  instances 
  it 
  is 
  comparatively 
  easy 
  

   to 
  see 
  how 
  flies 
  might 
  be 
  responsible 
  for 
  the 
  major 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  

   infections, 
  since 
  they 
  usually 
  occur 
  in 
  numbers 
  about 
  stables, 
  in 
  

   the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  milk 
  houses, 
  in 
  the 
  neighborhood 
  of 
  milk 
  stations, 
  

   on 
  milk 
  wagons 
  and, 
  in 
  fact, 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  greater 
  or 
  less 
  numbers 
  

   wherever 
  milk 
  is 
  stored, 
  excepting 
  in 
  refrigerators 
  and 
  similar 
  

   places. 
  Martin 
  states 
  that 
  each 
  succeeding 
  year 
  confirms 
  his 
  ob- 
  

   servation 
  of 
  1898 
  to 
  the 
  effect 
  that 
  the 
  annual 
  epidemic 
  of 
  diarrhoea 
  

   and 
  typhoid 
  is 
  connected 
  with 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  the 
  common 
  house 
  

   fly, 
  while 
  Nash, 
  in 
  the 
  Lancet, 
  records 
  no 
  mortality 
  from 
  diarrhoea 
  

   among 
  infants 
  at 
  Southend 
  during 
  July 
  and 
  August 
  1902, 
  this 
  

   immunity 
  being 
  accompanied 
  by 
  the 
  almost 
  complete 
  absence 
  of 
  

   the 
  house 
  fly. 
  This 
  insect 
  was 
  abundant 
  in 
  that 
  locality 
  in 
  Sep- 
  

   tember 
  and 
  coincidently 
  epidemic 
  diarrhoea 
  developed. 
  Sandi- 
  

   lands, 
  in 
  the 
  Journal 
  of 
  Hygiene, 
  states 
  that 
  the 
  great 
  majority 
  of 
  

   cases 
  of 
  diarrhoea 
  are 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  consumption 
  of 
  infected 
  food, 
  

   and 
  suggests 
  that 
  the 
  seasonal 
  incidence 
  of 
  diarrhoea 
  coincides 
  

   with 
  and 
  results 
  from 
  the 
  seasonal 
  prevalence 
  of 
  flies. 
  Dr 
  Jackson 
  

   records 
  several 
  epidemiics 
  of 
  a 
  malignant 
  type 
  of 
  dysentery 
  radi- 
  

   ating 
  from 
  a 
  single 
  point 
  and 
  disappearing 
  entirely 
  when 
  proper 
  

   disinfection 
  of 
  closets 
  was 
  enforced. 
  

  

  The 
  evil 
  possibilities 
  of 
  the 
  fly 
  are 
  by 
  no 
  means 
  exhausted 
  in 
  the 
  

   above 
  recital. 
  It 
  is 
  well 
  known 
  that 
  flies 
  feed 
  upon 
  sputum. 
  Ex- 
  

   periments 
  by 
  Lord 
  recorded 
  in 
  the 
  Boston 
  Medical 
  and 
  Surgical 
  

   Journal 
  show 
  that 
  flies 
  may 
  ingest 
  tubercular 
  sputum 
  and 
  excrete 
  

   tubercular 
  bacilli, 
  the 
  virulence 
  of 
  which 
  may 
  last 
  for 
  at 
  least 
  15 
  

   days. 
  He 
  considers 
  the 
  danger 
  of 
  human 
  infection 
  from 
  this 
  

   source 
  to 
  lie 
  in 
  the 
  ingestion 
  of 
  fly 
  specks 
  on 
  food, 
  and 
  suggests 
  

   that 
  during 
  the 
  fly 
  season 
  great 
  attention 
  should 
  be 
  paid 
  to 
  the 
  

   screening 
  of 
  rooms 
  and 
  hospital 
  wards 
  containing 
  patients 
  with 
  

   tuberculosis 
  and 
  laboratories 
  where 
  tubercular 
  material 
  is 
  ex- 
  

   amined. 
  

  

  Nuttall 
  considers 
  that 
  the 
  evidence 
  previously 
  submitted 
  proves 
  

   that 
  the 
  house 
  fly 
  may 
  carry 
  about 
  and 
  deposit 
  anthrax 
  bacilli, 
  

  

  