﻿REPORT 
  OF 
  THE 
  STATE 
  ENTOMOLOGIST 
  I908 
  35 
  

  

  1899 
  Hutt, 
  H. 
  L. 
  Ent. 
  Soc. 
  Ont. 
  29th 
  Rep't. 
  1898. 
  p. 
  99-icx) 
  

  

  A 
  summarized 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  life 
  history 
  and 
  habits 
  of 
  the 
  house 
  fiy, 
  with 
  mention 
  of 
  

   a 
  few 
  a 
  jg 
  ociated 
  species 
  

  

  1899 
  Nuttall, 
  G. 
  H. 
  F. 
  On 
  the 
  Role 
  of 
  Insects, 
  Arachnids 
  and 
  Myria- 
  

   pods 
  as 
  Carriers 
  in 
  the 
  Spread 
  of 
  Bacterial 
  and 
  Parasitic 
  Diseases 
  of 
  

   Man 
  and 
  Animals, 
  a 
  Critical 
  and 
  Historical 
  Study. 
  Johns 
  Hopkins 
  Hosp. 
  

   Rep't, 
  8:1-152 
  

  

  Concludes 
  that 
  the 
  evidence 
  that 
  flies 
  transmit 
  anthrax 
  is 
  not 
  above 
  question. 
  Grants 
  

   that 
  flies 
  are 
  important 
  agents 
  in 
  conveying 
  cholera 
  and 
  assumes 
  that 
  the 
  evidence 
  relating 
  

   to 
  the 
  dissemination 
  of 
  this 
  disease 
  could 
  safely 
  be 
  applied 
  to 
  typhoid 
  fever. 
  Flies 
  ingest 
  

   and 
  pass 
  tubercular 
  bacilli. 
  An 
  exhaustive 
  examination 
  of 
  the 
  evidence 
  relating 
  to 
  the 
  

   dissemination 
  of 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  diseases. 
  An 
  extended 
  bibliography 
  is 
  given. 
  

  

  1899 
  Reed, 
  Walter. 
  War 
  Dep't 
  An. 
  Rep't, 
  p. 
  627-33 
  

  

  Major 
  Reed 
  reporting 
  on 
  the 
  local 
  epidemics 
  of 
  typhoid 
  fever 
  in 
  the 
  8th 
  cavalry 
  and 
  15th 
  

   infantry 
  encamped 
  near 
  Porto 
  Principe 
  in 
  February 
  and 
  March 
  1899, 
  after 
  detailing 
  the 
  

   conditions 
  existing 
  in 
  the 
  camps, 
  states 
  that 
  the 
  outbreak 
  " 
  was 
  clearly 
  not 
  due 
  to 
  water 
  

   infection, 
  but 
  was 
  transferred 
  from 
  the 
  infected 
  stools^of 
  patients 
  to 
  the 
  food 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  

   flies, 
  the 
  conditions 
  being 
  especially 
  favorable 
  for 
  this 
  manner 
  of 
  dissemination." 
  

  

  1899 
  Veeder, 
  M. 
  A^ 
  The 
  Relative 
  Importance 
  of 
  Flies 
  and 
  Water 
  

   Supply 
  in 
  Spreading 
  Disease. 
  Med. 
  Record, 
  55:10-12 
  

  

  ^ 
  Flies 
  are 
  responsible 
  for 
  such 
  typhoid^and 
  other 
  ^intestinal 
  diseases 
  as 
  occur 
  in 
  small 
  

   neighborhood 
  epidemics 
  extending 
  in 
  short 
  leaps 
  from 
  house 
  to 
  house, 
  without 
  reference 
  .to 
  

   water 
  supply 
  or 
  anything 
  else 
  in 
  common. 
  Epidemics 
  spread 
  by 
  flies 
  tend 
  to 
  follow 
  the 
  

   directions 
  of 
  prevailing 
  warm 
  winds. 
  In 
  villages 
  and 
  camps 
  where 
  shallow 
  open 
  closets 
  

   are 
  used, 
  giving 
  free 
  access 
  of 
  flies 
  to 
  the 
  chief 
  source 
  of 
  infection, 
  the 
  flies 
  are 
  the 
  most 
  

   important 
  carriers. 
  These 
  diseases 
  are 
  therefore 
  usually 
  fly-borne 
  in 
  villages 
  and 
  camps. 
  

   The 
  burial 
  of 
  typhoid 
  infected 
  matter 
  in 
  the 
  ground 
  is 
  no 
  protection 
  against 
  flies. 
  On 
  the 
  

   contrary 
  it 
  actually 
  perpetuates 
  it 
  in 
  the 
  locality 
  from 
  year 
  to 
  year. 
  

  

  1900 
  Howard, 
  L. 
  O. 
  A 
  Contribution 
  to 
  the 
  Study 
  of 
  the 
  Insect 
  Fauna 
  

   of 
  Human 
  Excrement. 
  Wash. 
  Acad. 
  Sci. 
  Proc. 
  2:541-600 
  

  

  A 
  detailed 
  study^of_the_insect3 
  breedingjn^human 
  excrement, 
  with 
  special 
  reference 
  to 
  the 
  

   house 
  fly 
  and 
  its 
  part 
  in 
  disseminating 
  typhoid 
  fever. 
  Unquestioned 
  evidence 
  is 
  submitted 
  

   to 
  show 
  that 
  this 
  insect 
  may 
  breed 
  in 
  human 
  excrement, 
  and 
  the 
  following 
  conclusions 
  from 
  

   a 
  paper 
  read 
  by 
  Dr 
  Vaughan 
  before 
  the 
  American 
  Medical 
  Association 
  at 
  Atlantic 
  City, 
  

   N. 
  J. 
  June 
  6, 
  1900, 
  are 
  quoted. 
  

  

  27 
  Flies 
  undoubtedly 
  served 
  as 
  carriers 
  of 
  the 
  infection. 
  

  

  My 
  reasons 
  for 
  believing 
  that 
  flies 
  were 
  active 
  in 
  the 
  dissemination 
  of 
  typhoid 
  may 
  be 
  

   stated 
  as 
  follows: 
  

  

  a 
  Flies 
  swarmed 
  over 
  infected 
  fecal 
  matter 
  in 
  the 
  pits 
  and 
  then 
  visited 
  and 
  fed 
  upon 
  the 
  

   food 
  prepared 
  for 
  the 
  soldiers 
  at 
  the 
  mess 
  tents. 
  In 
  some 
  instances 
  where 
  lime 
  had 
  recently 
  

   been 
  sprinliled 
  over 
  the 
  contents 
  of 
  the 
  pits, 
  flies 
  with 
  their 
  feet 
  whitened 
  with 
  lime 
  were 
  

   seen 
  walking 
  over 
  the 
  food. 
  

  

  b 
  Officers 
  whose 
  mess 
  tents 
  were 
  protected 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  screens 
  suffered 
  proportionately 
  

   less 
  from 
  typhoid 
  fever 
  than 
  did 
  those 
  whose 
  tents 
  were 
  not 
  so 
  protected. 
  

  

  c 
  Typhoid 
  fever 
  gradually 
  ^disappeared 
  in 
  the 
  fall 
  of 
  1898, 
  with 
  the 
  approach 
  of 
  cold 
  

   weather, 
  and 
  the 
  consequent 
  disabling 
  of 
  the 
  fly. 
  

  

  It 
  is 
  possible 
  for 
  the 
  fly 
  to 
  carry 
  the 
  typhoid 
  bacillus 
  in 
  two 
  ways. 
  In 
  the 
  first 
  place 
  fecal 
  

   matter 
  containing 
  the 
  typhoid 
  germ 
  may 
  adhere 
  to 
  the 
  fly 
  and 
  be 
  mechanically 
  transported. 
  

   In 
  the 
  second 
  place, 
  it 
  is 
  possible 
  that 
  the 
  typhoid 
  bacillus 
  may 
  be 
  carried 
  in 
  the 
  digestive 
  

   organs 
  of 
  the 
  fly 
  and 
  may 
  be 
  deposited 
  with 
  its 
  excrement. 
  

  

  1900 
  Reed, 
  Walter, 
  Vaughan, 
  V. 
  C, 
  & 
  Shakespeare, 
  E. 
  O. 
  Abstract 
  

   of 
  Report 
  on 
  the 
  Origin 
  and 
  Spread 
  of 
  Typhoid 
  Fever 
  in 
  the 
  U. 
  S. 
  

   Military 
  Camps 
  During 
  the 
  Spanish 
  War 
  of 
  1898. 
  Washington, 
  Gov- 
  

   ernment 
  Printing 
  Office 
  

  

  1901 
  Fletcher, 
  James. 
  Can. 
  Ent. 
  33:84-88 
  

  

  A 
  review 
  of 
  Dr 
  Howard's 
  paper 
  entitled: 
  A 
  Contribution 
  to 
  the 
  Study 
  of 
  the 
  Insect 
  Fauna 
  

   of 
  Human 
  Fxcreynent, 
  and 
  giving* 
  the 
  more 
  important 
  conclusions 
  resulting 
  from 
  the 
  

   investigation. 
  

  

  