﻿36 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  iQor 
  Howard, 
  L. 
  O. 
  The 
  Carriage 
  of 
  Disease 
  by 
  Flies. 
  U. 
  S. 
  Dep't 
  

   Agric. 
  Div. 
  Ent. 
  Bui. 
  30. 
  11. 
  s. 
  p. 
  39-45 
  

  

  A 
  discussion 
  of 
  the 
  house 
  fly 
  and 
  associated 
  species 
  as 
  carriers 
  of 
  disease, 
  with 
  a 
  con- 
  

   sideration 
  of 
  protective 
  measures. 
  It 
  is 
  assumed 
  that 
  the 
  fly 
  was 
  responsible 
  in 
  a 
  large 
  

   measure 
  for 
  the 
  typhoid 
  outbreak 
  in 
  the 
  army 
  camps 
  during 
  the 
  late 
  Spanish-American 
  War. 
  

  

  1902 
  Ehrhorn, 
  Edward 
  M. 
  Insects 
  as 
  Distributors 
  of 
  Human 
  Dis- 
  

   eases. 
  Cal. 
  State 
  Bd 
  Hort. 
  8th 
  Biennial 
  Rep't, 
  1901-2, 
  p. 
  103-14 
  

  

  The 
  life 
  history 
  and 
  methods 
  of 
  controlling 
  the 
  house 
  fly 
  are 
  briefly 
  discussed 
  on 
  pages 
  

   111-12. 
  It 
  is 
  considered 
  an 
  active 
  agent 
  in 
  the 
  dissemination 
  of 
  typhoid 
  fever. 
  

  

  1902 
  Firth, 
  R. 
  H. 
  & 
  Horrocks, 
  W. 
  H. 
  An 
  Inquiry 
  into 
  the 
  Influence 
  

   of 
  Soil, 
  Fabrics 
  and 
  Flies 
  in 
  the 
  Dissemination 
  of 
  Enteric 
  Infection. 
  

   Brit. 
  Med. 
  Jour. 
  no. 
  2178, 
  p. 
  936-43 
  

  

  An 
  extended 
  discussion 
  with 
  the 
  conclusion 
  that 
  house 
  flies, 
  Musca 
  domestica, 
  

   can 
  convey 
  enteric 
  infective 
  matter 
  from 
  specific 
  excreta 
  or 
  other 
  polluted 
  material 
  to 
  ob- 
  

   y 
  cts 
  on 
  which 
  they 
  may 
  walk, 
  rest 
  or 
  feed, 
  and 
  that 
  enteric 
  bacilli 
  pass 
  through 
  the 
  digestive 
  

   tract 
  of 
  the 
  fly. 
  

  

  1902 
  Howard, 
  L. 
  O. 
  Insects 
  as 
  Carriers 
  and 
  Spreaders 
  of 
  Disease. 
  

   U. 
  S. 
  Dep't 
  Agric. 
  Year 
  Book, 
  1901, 
  p. 
  177-92 
  

  

  The 
  life 
  history 
  of 
  the 
  house 
  fly 
  and 
  methods 
  of 
  controlling 
  it 
  and 
  at 
  the 
  same 
  time 
  o 
  

   preventing 
  the 
  dissemination 
  of 
  typhoid 
  fever 
  by 
  means 
  of 
  flies 
  is 
  given 
  on 
  pages 
  185-88. 
  

  

  1902 
  Lounsbury, 
  C. 
  P. 
  Agric. 
  Jour. 
  (South 
  Africa) 
  Jan. 
  30, 
  repr. 
  

   p. 
  i-io 
  

  

  A 
  detailed 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  house 
  fly 
  with 
  a 
  discussion 
  of 
  repressive 
  raeasures. 
  It 
  is 
  stated 
  

   that 
  medical 
  men 
  in 
  India 
  firmly 
  believe 
  that 
  cholera 
  is 
  very 
  frequently 
  transmitted 
  by 
  the 
  

   house 
  fly, 
  though 
  typhoid 
  or 
  enteric 
  fever 
  is 
  considered 
  the 
  most 
  important 
  disease 
  conveyed 
  

   by 
  this 
  ins:ct. 
  It 
  is 
  stated 
  that 
  an 
  Amercan 
  zoologist 
  found 
  that 
  fly 
  maggots, 
  genus 
  Musca 
  

   (species 
  not 
  stated), 
  will 
  devour 
  the 
  common 
  round 
  worm 
  eggs 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  eggs 
  of 
  the 
  

   latter 
  are 
  passed 
  off 
  alive 
  in 
  the 
  excreta 
  of 
  the 
  winged 
  adults. 
  

  

  1902 
  Veeder, 
  M. 
  A. 
  Typhoid 
  Fever 
  From 
  Sources 
  Other 
  Than 
  Water 
  

   Supply. 
  Med. 
  Record, 
  62:121-24 
  

  

  A 
  case 
  is 
  cited 
  where 
  typhoid 
  was 
  perpetuated 
  from 
  year 
  to 
  year, 
  the 
  continuation 
  of 
  the 
  

   trouble 
  being 
  ascribed 
  to 
  a 
  physician 
  recommending 
  the 
  burial 
  of 
  typhoid 
  excreta 
  and 
  its 
  

   execution 
  by 
  a 
  nurse. 
  The 
  death 
  of 
  these 
  two 
  parties 
  was 
  followed 
  by 
  a 
  change 
  in 
  the 
  dis- 
  

   posal 
  of 
  typhoid 
  infected 
  material 
  and 
  the 
  practical 
  disappearance 
  of 
  the 
  disease. 
  A 
  typhoid 
  

   outbreak 
  in 
  the 
  Spanish-American 
  War, 
  occurring 
  in 
  a 
  company 
  of 
  the 
  best 
  and 
  most 
  in- 
  

   telligent 
  men, 
  is 
  charged 
  to 
  improper 
  sanitary 
  regulations, 
  actuated 
  by 
  kindliness 
  on 
  the 
  

   part 
  of 
  comrades. 
  Data 
  is 
  also 
  given 
  respecting 
  a 
  picnic 
  ground 
  where 
  unsanitary 
  con- 
  

   ditions 
  prevailed 
  and 
  have 
  undoubtedly 
  been 
  responsible 
  for 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  typhoid 
  cases, 
  

   through 
  the 
  agency 
  of 
  the 
  house 
  fly. 
  

  

  1903 
  Geddings, 
  H. 
  D. 
  The 
  Fly 
  and 
  Mosquito 
  as 
  Carriers 
  of 
  Disease. 
  

   Ohio 
  Sanitary 
  Bui. 
  7:31-39 
  

  

  Recommends 
  the 
  employment 
  of 
  every 
  possible 
  means 
  to 
  prevent 
  the 
  multiplication 
  of 
  

   flies 
  and 
  the 
  infection 
  by 
  them 
  of 
  kitchens 
  and 
  messing 
  places. 
  

  

  1903 
  Hamilton, 
  Alice. 
  The 
  Fly 
  as 
  a 
  Carrier 
  of 
  Typhoid. 
  Am. 
  Med. 
  

   Ass'n 
  Jour. 
  40:576-83 
  

  

  A 
  detailed 
  study 
  of 
  a 
  typhoid 
  outbreak 
  in 
  Chicago. 
  She 
  states 
  that 
  Majors 
  Firth 
  and 
  

   Horrocks 
  succeeded 
  in 
  proving 
  that 
  flies 
  feeding 
  on 
  typhoid 
  infected 
  material 
  could 
  carry 
  

   the 
  same 
  to 
  suitable 
  cultural 
  mediums. 
  The 
  following 
  are 
  her 
  conclusions: 
  

  

  1 
  The 
  epidemic 
  of 
  typhoid 
  fever 
  in 
  Chicago 
  during 
  July, 
  August, 
  September 
  and 
  Octo- 
  

   ber 
  of 
  1902 
  was 
  most 
  severe 
  in 
  the 
  19th 
  ward 
  which, 
  with 
  1-36 
  of 
  the 
  city's 
  population, 
  had 
  

   over 
  1-7 
  of 
  all 
  the 
  deaths 
  from 
  this 
  disease. 
  

  

  2 
  A 
  concentration 
  of 
  the 
  epidemic 
  in 
  this 
  locality 
  can 
  not 
  be 
  explained 
  by 
  contamination 
  

   of 
  the 
  drinking 
  water, 
  or 
  of 
  food, 
  or 
  on 
  the 
  ground 
  of 
  ignorance 
  and 
  poverty 
  of 
  the 
  inhabi- 
  

   tants, 
  for 
  the 
  19th 
  ward 
  does 
  not 
  differ 
  in 
  these 
  respects 
  from 
  several 
  other 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  city. 
  

  

  