﻿REPORT 
  OF 
  THE 
  STATE 
  ENTOMOLOGIST 
  I908 
  37 
  

  

  3 
  An 
  investigation 
  of 
  the 
  sanitary 
  conditions 
  of 
  this 
  region 
  shows 
  that 
  many 
  of 
  the 
  

   street 
  sewers 
  are 
  too 
  small 
  and 
  that 
  only 
  48% 
  of 
  the 
  houses 
  have 
  sanitary 
  plumbing. 
  Of 
  

   the 
  remaining 
  52%, 
  7% 
  have 
  defective 
  plumbing, 
  22% 
  water-closets 
  with 
  intermittent 
  

   water 
  supply, 
  11% 
  have 
  privies 
  connected 
  with 
  the 
  sewer 
  but 
  without 
  water 
  supply 
  and 
  

   12% 
  have 
  privies 
  with 
  no 
  sewer 
  connection. 
  

  

  4 
  The 
  streets 
  in 
  which 
  the 
  sanitary 
  arrangements 
  are 
  the 
  worst 
  had 
  the 
  largest 
  number 
  

   of 
  cases 
  of 
  typhoid 
  fever 
  during 
  this 
  epidemic, 
  irrespective 
  of 
  poverty 
  of 
  the 
  inhabitants. 
  

  

  5 
  Flies 
  caught 
  in 
  two 
  undrained 
  privies, 
  on 
  the 
  fences 
  of 
  two 
  yards, 
  on 
  the 
  walls 
  of 
  two 
  

   houses 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  room 
  of 
  a 
  typhoid 
  patient, 
  were 
  used 
  to 
  inoculate 
  18 
  tubes 
  and 
  from 
  five 
  

   of 
  these 
  tubes 
  the 
  typhoid 
  bacillus 
  was 
  isolated. 
  

  

  6 
  Many 
  discharges 
  from 
  typhoid 
  patients 
  are 
  left 
  exposed 
  in 
  privies 
  or 
  yards 
  and 
  flies 
  

   may 
  be 
  an 
  important 
  adjunct 
  in 
  the 
  dissemination 
  of 
  the 
  typhoid 
  infection. 
  

  

  1903 
  Martin, 
  A. 
  W. 
  Flies 
  in 
  Relation 
  to 
  Typhoid 
  Fever 
  and 
  Summer 
  

   Diarrhoea. 
  Public 
  Health, 
  15:652-53 
  

  

  Each 
  succeeding 
  year 
  confirms 
  my 
  observation 
  in 
  1898, 
  that 
  the 
  annual 
  epidemic 
  o 
  

   diarrhoea 
  and 
  of 
  typhoid 
  Is 
  connected 
  with 
  the 
  appearance 
  of 
  the 
  common 
  house 
  fly. 
  . 
  • 
  

   The 
  annual 
  epidemic 
  of 
  these 
  two 
  diseases 
  begins 
  and 
  ends 
  with 
  the 
  appearance 
  and 
  dis- 
  

   appearance 
  of 
  the 
  domestic 
  fly. 
  

  

  1903 
  Nash, 
  J. 
  T. 
  C. 
  The 
  Etiology 
  of 
  Summer 
  Diarrhoea. 
  The 
  Lan- 
  

   cet, 
  164:330 
  

  

  Records 
  no 
  mortality 
  from 
  diarrhoea 
  among 
  infants 
  at 
  Southend 
  during 
  July 
  and 
  August 
  

   1903, 
  this 
  immunity 
  being 
  accompanied 
  by 
  the 
  almost 
  complete 
  absence 
  of 
  the 
  house 
  fly. 
  

   In 
  September 
  the 
  fly 
  made 
  its 
  appearance 
  and 
  coincidentally, 
  epidemic 
  diarrhoea. 
  The 
  

   year 
  preceding 
  had 
  23 
  deaths 
  during 
  this 
  period. 
  

  

  1904 
  Hayward, 
  E. 
  H. 
  The 
  Fly 
  as 
  a 
  Carrier 
  of 
  Tuberculosis 
  Infec- 
  

   tion. 
  N. 
  Y. 
  Med. 
  Jour. 
  80:643-44 
  

  

  Flies 
  feeding 
  on 
  tuberculous 
  sputum 
  in 
  six 
  hours 
  passed 
  tubercular 
  bacilli 
  unimpaired 
  

  

  1904 
  Lord, 
  F. 
  T. 
  Flies 
  and 
  Tuberculosis. 
  Bost. 
  Med. 
  & 
  Surg. 
  Jour. 
  

   151:651-54 
  

  

  The 
  experiments 
  show 
  

  

  1 
  Flies 
  may 
  ingest 
  tubercular 
  sputum 
  and 
  excrete 
  tubercle 
  bacilli, 
  the 
  virulence 
  of 
  

   which 
  may 
  last 
  for 
  at 
  least 
  15 
  days. 
  

  

  2 
  The 
  danger 
  of 
  human 
  infection 
  from 
  tubercular 
  fly 
  specks 
  is 
  by 
  the 
  ingestion 
  of 
  the 
  

   specks 
  on 
  food. 
  Spontaneous 
  liberation 
  of 
  tubercular 
  bacilli 
  from 
  fly 
  specks 
  is 
  unlikely 
  

   (experiment 
  B), 
  if 
  mechanically 
  disturbed 
  infection 
  of 
  the 
  surrounding 
  air 
  may 
  occur. 
  As 
  

   a 
  corollary 
  to 
  these 
  conclusions 
  it 
  is 
  suggested 
  that 
  

  

  3 
  Tubercular 
  material 
  (sputum, 
  pus 
  from 
  discharging 
  sinuses, 
  fecal 
  matter 
  from 
  patients 
  

   with 
  intestinal 
  tuberculosis) 
  should 
  be 
  carefully 
  protected 
  from 
  flies 
  lest 
  they 
  act 
  as 
  dis- 
  

   seminators 
  of 
  the 
  tubercular 
  bacilli. 
  

  

  4 
  During 
  the 
  fly 
  season 
  greater 
  attention 
  should 
  be 
  paid 
  to 
  the 
  screening 
  of 
  rooms 
  and 
  

   hospital 
  wards 
  containing 
  patients 
  with 
  tuberculosis, 
  and 
  laboratories 
  where 
  tubercular 
  

   material 
  is 
  examined. 
  

  

  5 
  As 
  these 
  precautions 
  would 
  not 
  eliminate 
  fly 
  infection 
  by 
  patients 
  at 
  large, 
  food 
  stuffs 
  

   should 
  be 
  protected 
  from 
  flies 
  who 
  may 
  already 
  have 
  ingested 
  tubercular 
  material. 
  

  

  1905 
  Cobb, 
  J. 
  O. 
  Is 
  the 
  Common 
  House 
  Fly 
  a 
  Factor 
  in 
  the 
  Spread 
  

   of 
  Tuberculosis? 
  Am. 
  Med. 
  9:475-77 
  

  

  Refers 
  to 
  experiments 
  by 
  Hayward 
  and 
  Hoffman 
  showing 
  that 
  tubercle 
  bacilli 
  can 
  be 
  

   ingested 
  and 
  discharged 
  by 
  the 
  house 
  fly 
  with 
  undiminished 
  virulence. 
  He 
  holds 
  that 
  the 
  

   bacilli 
  may 
  enter 
  the 
  system 
  through 
  the 
  digestive 
  tract 
  rather 
  than 
  by 
  the 
  lungs. 
  He 
  

   calls 
  attention 
  to 
  the 
  universal 
  prevalence 
  of 
  house 
  flies 
  about 
  stores 
  of 
  all 
  kinds 
  dealing 
  in 
  

   human 
  foods, 
  and 
  states 
  that 
  here 
  we 
  have 
  a 
  most 
  prolific 
  source 
  of 
  infection. 
  He 
  claims 
  

   to 
  have 
  collected 
  reliable 
  data 
  from 
  all 
  over 
  the 
  world 
  on 
  this 
  point. 
  He 
  states 
  that 
  army 
  

   medical 
  oflficers 
  from 
  the 
  Philippines 
  find 
  that 
  cholera 
  was 
  continually 
  spread 
  by 
  street 
  

   venders 
  and 
  small 
  shopkeepers. 
  

  

  1905 
  Melander, 
  A. 
  L. 
  The 
  Common 
  House 
  Fly 
  a 
  Dangerous 
  Pest. 
  

   Wash. 
  Agric. 
  Exp. 
  Sta. 
  Press 
  Bui. 
  p. 
  1-7 
  

  

  A 
  summarized 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  life 
  history, 
  habits 
  and 
  methods 
  of 
  control. 
  

  

  