﻿NIAGARA 
  f 
  ALLS 
  AND 
  VICINITY 
  

  

  6i 
  

  

  infrequently 
  masses 
  of 
  sand 
  and 
  pebbles 
  are 
  cemented 
  into 
  a 
  con- 
  

   glomerate 
  by 
  calcite 
  or 
  other 
  cementing 
  agents. 
  

  

  The 
  terminal 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  beach 
  at 
  the 
  Lewiston 
  station 
  is 
  

   rather 
  exceptional. 
  It 
  has 
  here 
  the 
  character 
  of 
  a 
  sand 
  spit, 
  extend- 
  

   ing 
  toward 
  the 
  Niagara 
  river. 
  Between 
  this 
  spit 
  and 
  the 
  escarp- 
  

   ment 
  there 
  is 
  a 
  low 
  area 
  of 
  irregular 
  outline, 
  something 
  over 
  half 
  a 
  

   mile 
  in 
  width 
  along 
  the 
  river 
  and 
  extending 
  perhaps 
  three 
  fourths 
  of 
  

   a 
  mile 
  eastward 
  from 
  it. 
  This 
  area 
  is 
  bounded 
  by 
  steep 
  erosion 
  

   cliffs 
  of 
  unconsolidated 
  material, 
  and 
  is 
  from 
  30 
  to 
  50 
  or 
  more 
  

   ieet 
  lower 
  than 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  the 
  ridge 
  road. 
  The 
  suggestion 
  presents 
  

   itself, 
  that 
  these 
  features 
  may 
  be 
  due 
  to 
  the 
  current 
  of 
  the 
  Niagara 
  

   at 
  its 
  embouchure 
  into 
  Lake 
  Iroquois, 
  at 
  a 
  time 
  when 
  the 
  falls 
  were 
  

   probably 
  not 
  far 
  distant. 
  {See 
  plate 
  3 
  and 
  map) 
  

  

  There 
  is 
  evidence 
  that 
  the 
  level 
  of 
  Lake 
  Ontario 
  at 
  one 
  time 
  stood 
  

   much 
  lower 
  than 
  it 
  does 
  at 
  present; 
  for 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  lower 
  

   Niagara, 
  from 
  Lewiston 
  to 
  the 
  lake, 
  is 
  from 
  100 
  to 
  200 
  feet 
  below 
  

  

  Fig. 
  11 
  Gilbert's 
  map 
  of 
  the 
  Great 
  lakes 
  at 
  the 
  time 
  of 
  the 
  Trent 
  river 
  outlet. 
  Modern 
  hydro- 
  

   graphy 
  dotted. 
  

  

  the 
  present 
  water 
  level. 
  In 
  fact, 
  the 
  old 
  beaches 
  about 
  Lake 
  On- 
  

   tario 
  indicate 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  oscillations 
  of 
  level, 
  similar 
  to 
  those 
  

   recorded 
  in 
  the 
  other 
  glacial 
  lakes, 
  and 
  due 
  chiefly 
  to 
  crust 
  

   warpings. 
  

  

  