﻿no 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  limestone 
  and 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  dip 
  (since 
  the 
  surface 
  is 
  about 
  level) 
  is 
  

   therefore 
  a 
  trifle 
  less 
  than 
  25 
  feet 
  in 
  the 
  mile. 
  

  

  The 
  crinoidal 
  hmestone 
  is 
  the 
  most 
  prominent 
  stratum 
  on 
  the 
  edge 
  

   of 
  the 
  escarpment. 
  From 
  its 
  base 
  springs 
  of 
  cold 
  and 
  clear 
  water 
  

   issue 
  at 
  numerous 
  places 
  along 
  the 
  outcrops, 
  both 
  on 
  the 
  edge 
  of 
  

   the 
  escarpment 
  and 
  in 
  the 
  gorge. 
  The 
  most 
  prominent 
  of 
  these 
  is 
  

   at 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  " 
  Milk 
  cave 
  " 
  or 
  St 
  Patrick's 
  falls, 
  and 
  here 
  as 
  almost 
  

   everywhere 
  at 
  the 
  base 
  of 
  the 
  crinoidal 
  limestone, 
  shallow 
  caverns, 
  

   abound. 
  One 
  of 
  these 
  caverns 
  near 
  the 
  head 
  of 
  the 
  falls, 
  has 
  a 
  depth 
  

   of 
  35 
  or 
  40 
  feet 
  and 
  is 
  high 
  enough 
  to 
  permit 
  one 
  to 
  walk 
  upright. 
  

   No 
  stalactites 
  are 
  found 
  in 
  these 
  caverns, 
  but 
  the 
  walls 
  are 
  much 
  

   disintegrated 
  and 
  in 
  places 
  covered 
  with 
  a 
  fine 
  residual 
  sand. 
  

  

  In 
  the 
  fields 
  above 
  this 
  cavern 
  are 
  several 
  sink 
  holes 
  of 
  moderate 
  

   depth, 
  which 
  serve 
  as 
  catchment 
  basins 
  for 
  the 
  waters 
  of 
  the 
  sur- 
  

   rounding 
  country, 
  which 
  issue 
  from 
  these 
  caverns 
  during 
  the 
  wet 
  

   seasons. 
  

  

  The 
  cavern 
  known 
  as 
  the 
  Devil's 
  hole 
  belongs 
  to 
  this 
  category. 
  

   As 
  in 
  the 
  other 
  caverns, 
  the 
  roof 
  is 
  formed 
  by 
  the 
  crystalline 
  crin- 
  

   oidal 
  limestone 
  (stratum 
  3), 
  the 
  cavern 
  itself 
  being 
  hollowed 
  out 
  in. 
  

   the 
  hydraulic 
  cement 
  rock. 
  This 
  cavern 
  is 
  deeper 
  than 
  most 
  others,, 
  

   and 
  at 
  the 
  end 
  a 
  spring 
  of 
  deliciously 
  cool 
  water 
  issues 
  from 
  between, 
  

   the 
  two 
  beds, 
  the 
  upper 
  '' 
  spring 
  line 
  " 
  of 
  this 
  region. 
  There 
  is 
  no 
  

   evidence 
  that 
  the 
  cavern 
  extended 
  any 
  deeper 
  than 
  it 
  does 
  at 
  present,, 
  

   nevertheless 
  the 
  spot 
  is 
  worth 
  visiting, 
  as 
  it 
  is 
  the 
  only 
  accessible 
  

   one 
  of 
  the 
  numerous 
  springs 
  and 
  caverns. 
  The 
  fall 
  of 
  the 
  Bloody 
  

   run 
  at 
  this 
  place 
  is 
  over 
  a 
  thickness 
  of 
  almost 
  60 
  feet 
  of 
  Hmestone^ 
  

   and 
  the 
  chasm 
  which 
  this 
  stream 
  has 
  worn 
  is 
  interesting 
  both 
  from 
  

   its 
  historic 
  and 
  scenic 
  points 
  of 
  view.^ 
  

  

  West 
  of 
  the 
  Niagara 
  river 
  on 
  Queenston 
  hights 
  several 
  quarries 
  

   have 
  been 
  opened 
  in 
  these 
  limestones, 
  some 
  distance 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  

   edge 
  of 
  the 
  escarpment. 
  The 
  rock 
  quarried 
  is 
  the 
  crinoidal 
  lime- 
  

   stone 
  and 
  overlying 
  beds. 
  The 
  total 
  depth 
  of 
  rock 
  in 
  the 
  quarry 
  is 
  

   27 
  feet, 
  of 
  which 
  the 
  lower 
  14 
  or 
  15 
  feet 
  are 
  bluish 
  gray 
  and 
  the 
  

   upper 
  of 
  a 
  lighter 
  gray 
  color. 
  The 
  limestone 
  is 
  here 
  much 
  more 
  

   uniform, 
  crystalline 
  throughout 
  and 
  more 
  fossiliferous. 
  This 
  may 
  

  

  '^See 
  brief 
  mention 
  of- 
  Bloody 
  run 
  massacre 
  in 
  Introduction. 
  

  

  