﻿306 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  to 
  look 
  for 
  now, 
  and 
  the 
  pest 
  is 
  usually 
  discovered 
  earlier. 
  Trees 
  which 
  

   have 
  been 
  badly 
  infested 
  for 
  some 
  time 
  have 
  a 
  rough 
  bark 
  covered 
  with 
  

   dark 
  gray, 
  scurfy 
  patches, 
  and, 
  if 
  this 
  be 
  scratched 
  with 
  a 
  knife 
  or 
  finger 
  

   nail, 
  an 
  oily, 
  yellowish 
  substance 
  will 
  be 
  crushed 
  from 
  the 
  Hving 
  insects 
  

   under 
  the 
  scales. 
  This 
  insect 
  breeds 
  so 
  rapidly 
  that 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  uncommon 
  

   to 
  find 
  large 
  numbers 
  on 
  a 
  tree 
  previously 
  comparatively 
  free. 
  In 
  that 
  

   event 
  the 
  bark 
  may 
  be 
  literally 
  covered 
  with 
  recently 
  established 
  scales 
  

   and 
  not 
  appear 
  very 
  rough. 
  There 
  is, 
  however, 
  a 
  pecuhar, 
  granular 
  

   look, 
  and 
  those 
  familiar 
  with 
  the 
  bark 
  of 
  a 
  rapidly 
  growing 
  tree 
  are 
  

   aware 
  that 
  some 
  change 
  has 
  taken 
  place. 
  There 
  is 
  nothing 
  like 
  a 
  good 
  

   magnifier 
  in 
  these 
  cases, 
  and, 
  if 
  this 
  shows 
  hundreds 
  of 
  circular, 
  black 
  or 
  

   dark 
  gray 
  objects, 
  with 
  dot 
  and 
  ring, 
  or 
  lighter 
  gray, 
  yellowish 
  marked 
  

   scales, 
  send 
  a 
  sample 
  of 
  the 
  bark 
  to 
  somebody 
  competent 
  to 
  identify 
  the 
  

   trouble. 
  Cutting 
  into 
  the 
  bark 
  under 
  a 
  San 
  Jose 
  scale 
  is 
  almost 
  sure 
  to 
  

   reveal 
  a 
  reddish 
  discoloration 
  of 
  the 
  green 
  tissues 
  beneath. 
  Lenticels 
  

   occasionally 
  deceive 
  people, 
  and 
  I 
  have 
  seen 
  fungous 
  growths 
  which 
  at 
  

   a 
  little 
  distance 
  looked 
  much 
  like 
  masses 
  of 
  young 
  pernicious 
  or 
  San 
  

   Jose 
  scale. 
  An 
  infestation 
  of 
  any 
  extent 
  on 
  fruiting 
  trees 
  is 
  almost 
  sure 
  

   to 
  show 
  itself 
  on 
  the 
  leaves 
  and 
  fruit, 
  the 
  reddish 
  blotches 
  being 
  more 
  

   conspicuous 
  than 
  the 
  insects 
  (fig. 
  3). 
  The 
  reddening 
  of 
  the 
  fruit 
  is 
  not 
  

   absolute 
  proof 
  that 
  San 
  Jose 
  scale 
  is 
  present, 
  because 
  I 
  have 
  seen 
  nearly 
  

   the 
  same 
  effects 
  produced 
  by 
  Chionaspis 
  furfura 
  Fitch. 
  The 
  

   pear 
  illustrated 
  shows 
  a 
  condition 
  which 
  obtains 
  in 
  badly 
  infested 
  

   orchards 
  in 
  July. 
  Late 
  in 
  August 
  the 
  blossom 
  end 
  and 
  sometimes 
  the 
  

   other 
  may 
  be 
  literally 
  incrusted 
  with 
  patches 
  of 
  young 
  and 
  old 
  scales 
  like 
  

   the 
  one 
  represented 
  in 
  figure 
  7. 
  A 
  close 
  examination 
  of 
  a 
  slightly 
  

   infested 
  tree 
  may 
  result 
  in 
  finding 
  a 
  very 
  few 
  scales 
  somewhere 
  on 
  the 
  

   bark, 
  most 
  frequently 
  near 
  a 
  bud 
  or 
  some 
  protecting 
  elevation, 
  and, 
  in 
  

   these 
  cases, 
  the 
  piece 
  of 
  infested 
  bark 
  should 
  be 
  cut 
  away 
  and 
  sent 
  to 
  an 
  

   entomologist 
  for 
  identification. 
  

  

  Description. 
  This 
  scale 
  insect 
  is 
  so 
  minute 
  that 
  a 
  superficial 
  descrip- 
  

   tion 
  must 
  be 
  drawn 
  in 
  most 
  general 
  terms. 
  The 
  twig, 
  fruit 
  and 
  leaf 
  shown 
  

   in 
  figures 
  3, 
  4 
  and 
  5 
  of 
  plate 
  3 
  represent 
  a 
  very 
  characteristic 
  appearance 
  in 
  

   July 
  in 
  a 
  pear 
  orchard 
  badly 
  infested 
  by 
  this 
  pest. 
  A 
  dark 
  grayish 
  or 
  yel- 
  

   lowish 
  area 
  on 
  the 
  bark 
  m 
  ay 
  be 
  caused 
  by 
  a 
  mass 
  of 
  these 
  scales. 
  An 
  enlarge- 
  

   ment 
  of 
  the 
  darker 
  patches 
  will 
  show 
  a 
  condition 
  much 
  like 
  that 
  repre- 
  

   sented 
  in 
  figure 
  7. 
  Adult, 
  yellowish 
  gray 
  scales 
  may 
  be 
  found 
  surrounded 
  by 
  

   hundreds 
  of 
  tiny 
  black 
  ones. 
  The 
  form 
  of 
  the 
  larger 
  scales 
  is 
  modified 
  

   somewhat 
  by 
  the 
  degree 
  of 
  crowding, 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  common 
  to 
  find 
  a 
  num- 
  

   ber 
  of 
  them 
  adhering 
  in 
  a 
  patch 
  ; 
  but 
  a 
  close 
  examinition 
  of 
  the 
  well 
  

  

  