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  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  scale 
  begins, 
  even 
  before 
  the 
  young 
  has 
  selected 
  its 
  feeding 
  place, 
  as 
  

   very 
  minute, 
  white, 
  waxy 
  filaments, 
  which 
  spring 
  from 
  all 
  parts 
  of 
  the 
  

   body, 
  rapidly 
  become 
  thicker 
  and 
  slowly 
  mat 
  down 
  to 
  form 
  the 
  circular, 
  

   white 
  scale 
  with 
  a 
  depressed 
  ring 
  and 
  central 
  elevation 
  (pi, 
  3, 
  fig 
  5). 
  

   This 
  white 
  scale 
  gradually 
  becomes 
  darker, 
  and 
  in 
  a 
  few 
  days 
  it 
  has 
  

   assumed 
  a 
  black 
  or 
  dark 
  gray 
  color, 
  with 
  one 
  or 
  more 
  lighter 
  rings, 
  as 
  repre- 
  

   sented 
  in 
  plate 
  3, 
  figure 
  13. 
  The 
  skin 
  is 
  cast 
  for 
  the 
  first 
  time 
  12 
  days 
  after 
  

   the 
  young 
  appear. 
  The 
  molt, 
  as 
  is 
  true 
  of 
  all 
  species 
  ofAspidiotus, 
  

   consists 
  of 
  a 
  spUtting 
  of 
  the 
  old 
  skin 
  around 
  the 
  outer 
  edge 
  of 
  the 
  flat- 
  

   tened 
  insect, 
  the 
  upper 
  part 
  being 
  attached 
  to 
  the 
  scale 
  and 
  the 
  lower 
  

   portion 
  forming 
  a 
  ventral 
  scale 
  next 
  the 
  bark. 
  Prior 
  to 
  this 
  molt 
  the 
  

   sexes 
  are 
  indistinguishable, 
  and 
  both 
  lose 
  legs 
  and 
  antennae 
  at 
  this 
  time. 
  

   The 
  males 
  may 
  now 
  be 
  recognized 
  by 
  the 
  large 
  purple 
  eyes 
  and 
  the 
  elon- 
  

   gate, 
  pyriform 
  body, 
  while 
  the 
  females 
  are 
  eyeless, 
  and 
  are 
  practically 
  flat- 
  

   tened 
  sacs 
  with 
  only 
  the 
  slender, 
  central 
  sucking 
  bristle. 
  Six 
  days 
  later, 
  

   or 
  when 
  the 
  insect 
  is 
  18 
  days 
  old, 
  the 
  male 
  molts 
  to 
  the 
  pro-pupa 
  (fig. 
  ^), 
  

   and 
  the 
  male 
  scale 
  becomes 
  an 
  elongated 
  oval 
  in 
  form. 
  The 
  antennae, 
  

  

  Fig. 
  4 
  Development 
  of 
  male 
  Insect, 
  a 
  ventral 
  view 
  of 
  young 
  after 
  first 
  molt, 
  b 
  same 
  after 
  second 
  

   molt 
  (pro-pupa 
  stage), 
  c 
  and 
  d, 
  ventral 
  and 
  dorsal 
  views 
  of 
  true 
  pupa. 
  (After 
  Howard 
  U. 
  S. 
  dep't 
  

   agric. 
  div 
  ent. 
  Bui. 
  3, 
  n. 
  s. 
  1896) 
  

  

  legs 
  and 
  wings 
  now 
  appear 
  in 
  a 
  very 
  rudimentary 
  condition 
  and 
  in 
  two 
  

   days 
  become 
  much 
  better 
  shaped, 
  when 
  the 
  change 
  to 
  the 
  true 
  pupa 
  (fig. 
  

   c, 
  d) 
  takes 
  place. 
  Four 
  to 
  six 
  days 
  later, 
  or 
  from 
  24 
  to 
  26 
  days 
  from 
  

   birth, 
  the 
  mature, 
  two-winged 
  males 
  back 
  out 
  from 
  under 
  their 
  protecting 
  

   scales. 
  The 
  female 
  undergoes 
  a 
  second 
  molt 
  about 
  8 
  days 
  after 
  the 
  first, 
  

   or 
  when 
  she 
  is 
  about 
  20 
  days 
  old, 
  and 
  10 
  days 
  later 
  she 
  is 
  full-grown 
  and 
  

   within 
  her 
  transparent 
  body 
  (pi. 
  3, 
  fig. 
  10) 
  are 
  seen 
  partly 
  developed 
  

   young, 
  which 
  begin 
  to 
  appear 
  in 
  from 
  three 
  to 
  10 
  days 
  later. 
  Thus 
  the 
  

   round 
  of 
  life 
  may 
  be 
  completed, 
  as 
  determined 
  from 
  a 
  study 
  of 
  the 
  

  

  