﻿SCALE 
  INSECTS 
  OF 
  IMPORTANCE 
  327 
  

  

  the 
  whitish 
  remnants 
  of 
  young 
  scales, 
  as 
  frequently 
  seen 
  in 
  the 
  European 
  

   fruit 
  scale 
  before 
  the 
  insects 
  are 
  disturbed 
  by 
  abrasion 
  of 
  any 
  kind. 
  

   The 
  young 
  scales 
  of 
  this 
  species 
  may 
  be 
  almost 
  white 
  or 
  pinkish, 
  as 
  

   shown 
  in 
  figures 
  1-4, 
  their 
  edges 
  are 
  sharply 
  defined, 
  the 
  dot 
  and 
  ring 
  are 
  

   present, 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  rarely 
  the 
  oval, 
  white 
  nipple 
  surrounded 
  by 
  a 
  grayish, 
  

   specked 
  scale 
  almost 
  continuous 
  with 
  the 
  bark, 
  as 
  in 
  the 
  European 
  fruit 
  

   scale; 
  neither 
  are 
  the 
  young 
  as 
  dark, 
  nor 
  as 
  flattened 
  as 
  are 
  those 
  of 
  the 
  

   pernicious 
  scale. 
  The 
  half-grown 
  young 
  have 
  the 
  appearance 
  repre- 
  

   sented 
  in 
  figure 
  5. 
  The 
  adult 
  female 
  scales, 
  which 
  are 
  about 
  --^2 
  ir^^h 
  in 
  

   diameter, 
  are 
  shown 
  natural 
  size 
  in 
  a 
  mass 
  in 
  figure 
  6 
  and 
  more 
  enlarged 
  

   in 
  figure 
  7, 
  which 
  latter 
  also 
  represents 
  a 
  rather 
  characteristic 
  shape 
  of 
  

   this 
  scale 
  when 
  it 
  occurs 
  in 
  masses. 
  Figure 
  9 
  illustrates 
  a 
  female 
  scale 
  

   as 
  it 
  may 
  develop 
  when 
  comparatively 
  isolated. 
  A 
  rather 
  irregular 
  male 
  

   scale 
  is 
  represented 
  in 
  figure 
  8. 
  The 
  adult 
  female 
  and 
  the 
  active 
  young 
  

   are 
  shown 
  very 
  much 
  enlarged 
  in 
  figures 
  10 
  and 
  11. 
  

  

  Life 
  history. 
  This 
  insect, 
  like 
  the 
  preceding, 
  passes 
  the 
  winter 
  in 
  

   a 
  partly 
  grown, 
  though 
  usually 
  more 
  mature, 
  condition. 
  There 
  is 
  but 
  a 
  

   single 
  generation. 
  The 
  studies 
  of 
  Mr 
  Putnam, 
  in 
  Iowa, 
  show 
  that 
  the 
  

   males 
  appear 
  there 
  the 
  latter 
  part 
  of 
  April, 
  and 
  that 
  the 
  female 
  deposits 
  

   from 
  30 
  to 
  40 
  eggs 
  in 
  the 
  late 
  spring 
  or 
  early 
  summer. 
  The 
  crawling 
  

   young 
  of 
  this 
  species 
  may 
  be 
  seen 
  during 
  most 
  of 
  July, 
  in 
  the 
  lati- 
  

   tude 
  of 
  Albany, 
  indicating 
  that 
  the 
  hatching 
  of 
  the 
  eggs 
  extends 
  over 
  a 
  

   considerable 
  period. 
  Prof 
  Johnson 
  states 
  that 
  this 
  species 
  may 
  cause 
  a 
  

   purplish 
  tinge 
  in 
  green 
  tissue, 
  but 
  it 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  marked 
  as 
  with 
  the 
  San 
  

   Jose 
  scale. 
  I 
  have 
  not 
  observed 
  this 
  discoloration 
  in 
  New 
  York 
  state. 
  

  

  Food 
  plants. 
  This 
  species 
  has 
  been 
  recorded 
  on 
  a 
  number 
  of 
  plants. 
  

   Prof 
  Comstock 
  has 
  found 
  it 
  on 
  ash, 
  beech, 
  bladdernut, 
  hackberry, 
  linden^ 
  

   maple, 
  oak, 
  Osage 
  orange, 
  peach, 
  and 
  water 
  locust. 
  Dr 
  Lintner 
  has 
  re- 
  

   ceived 
  it 
  on 
  apple 
  and 
  red 
  currant 
  — 
  on 
  the 
  latter 
  it 
  is 
  sometimes 
  very 
  

   abundant, 
  and 
  he 
  has 
  also 
  seen 
  it 
  on 
  olive, 
  evidently 
  from 
  a 
  greenhouse 
  at 
  

   Jamaica 
  (L. 
  I.) 
  It 
  has 
  also 
  been 
  recorded 
  on 
  cherry, 
  plum, 
  elm 
  and 
  

   willow. 
  Prof 
  Johnson 
  attributes 
  the 
  killing 
  of 
  an 
  English 
  oak 
  in 
  Illinois 
  

   to 
  this 
  scale 
  insect. 
  It 
  has 
  been 
  received 
  from 
  this 
  state 
  by 
  Dr 
  Howard 
  

   on 
  pin 
  oak 
  and 
  hemlock. 
  It 
  also 
  occurs 
  on 
  mountain 
  ash, 
  pear, 
  nectar- 
  

   ine. 
  Ilex 
  verticillata. 
  Ilex 
  laevigata, 
  white 
  birch, 
  P 
  r 
  u 
  n 
  u 
  s, 
  

   American 
  elm 
  and 
  on 
  hawthorn 
  in 
  West 
  Virginia. 
  

  

  Distribution. 
  This 
  insect 
  has 
  been 
  recorded 
  from 
  the 
  following- 
  

   states, 
  Kansas, 
  Iowa, 
  Michigan, 
  and 
  New 
  York, 
  and 
  from 
  Washington 
  

   (D. 
  C.) 
  R. 
  A. 
  Cooley 
  found 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  most 
  common 
  species 
  in 
  

  

  