﻿SCALE 
  INSECTS 
  OF 
  IMPORTANCE 
  337 
  

  

  quite 
  essential 
  to 
  have 
  a 
  potash 
  soap 
  that 
  does 
  not 
  contain 
  more 
  than 
  

   30% 
  of 
  water. 
  Such 
  a 
  soap 
  can 
  be 
  secured 
  in 
  large 
  quantities 
  at 
  from 
  

   3^c 
  to 
  4c 
  a 
  pound, 
  thus 
  making 
  the 
  mixture 
  cost 
  7 
  to 
  8c 
  a 
  gallon. 
  

   Soda 
  soaps 
  are 
  difficult 
  to 
  apply 
  in 
  winter 
  on 
  account 
  of 
  the 
  solution 
  

   being 
  gelatinous 
  when 
  cold. 
  Experiments 
  with 
  both 
  Good's 
  and 
  Leg- 
  

   gett's 
  whale 
  oil 
  soaps 
  gave 
  little 
  or 
  no 
  difference 
  in 
  their 
  insecticidal 
  value. 
  

   Good's 
  soap 
  dissolved 
  much 
  easier 
  and 
  was 
  less 
  difficult 
  to 
  spray. 
  

  

  Whale 
  oil 
  soap 
  and 
  crude 
  petroleum 
  combination. 
  Experi- 
  

   ments 
  with 
  a 
  combination 
  of 
  whale 
  oil 
  soap 
  and 
  crude 
  petroleum, 
  did 
  not 
  

   give 
  as 
  good 
  results 
  as 
  were 
  obtained 
  with 
  a 
  plain 
  20% 
  crude 
  petroleum 
  

   emulsion. 
  This 
  compound 
  was 
  obtained 
  by 
  dissolving 
  a 
  pound 
  of 
  whale 
  

   oil 
  soap 
  in 
  each 
  4 
  gallons 
  of 
  water 
  and 
  putting 
  the 
  mixture 
  in 
  the 
  barrel 
  

   of 
  a 
  "kerowater" 
  sprayer.^ 
  Crude 
  petroleum 
  was 
  placed 
  in 
  a 
  tank 
  and 
  

   the 
  pump 
  set 
  to 
  deliver 
  10% 
  oil, 
  thus 
  obtaining 
  a 
  whale 
  oil, 
  petroleum 
  

   emulsion. 
  

  

  Crude 
  petroleum 
  emulsion. 
  Treatment 
  of 
  the 
  pernicious 
  or 
  San 
  

   Jose 
  scale 
  in 
  early 
  spring 
  with 
  a 
  20% 
  mechanical 
  emulsion 
  of 
  crude 
  

   petroleum, 
  using 
  a 
  "kerowater" 
  sprayer, 
  was 
  found 
  even 
  more 
  satis- 
  

   factory 
  than 
  the 
  whale 
  oil 
  soap 
  solutions, 
  and 
  so 
  far 
  it 
  appears 
  not 
  to 
  

   have 
  injured 
  the 
  trees 
  in 
  the 
  slightest 
  degree. 
  The 
  petroleum 
  used 
  was 
  

   the 
  blended 
  product 
  sold 
  by 
  the 
  Standard 
  oil 
  co. 
  as 
  crude 
  petroleum. 
  

   It 
  is 
  said 
  to 
  run 
  about 
  44° 
  on 
  the 
  Beaume 
  oil 
  scale, 
  but 
  a 
  sample 
  of 
  the 
  

   oil 
  used 
  gave 
  a 
  reading 
  of 
  but 
  37° 
  while 
  some 
  purchased 
  in 
  December 
  

   1900 
  stood 
  at 
  41.5°- 
  It 
  was 
  tested 
  in 
  1900 
  both 
  in 
  an 
  experimental 
  and 
  

   in 
  a 
  practical 
  way 
  with 
  most 
  excellent 
  results. 
  There 
  is 
  less 
  danger 
  of 
  

   injuring 
  the 
  trees 
  if 
  ahghter 
  oil 
  is 
  used 
  and 
  it 
  is 
  apparently 
  just 
  as 
  effect- 
  

   ive 
  as 
  an 
  insecticide. 
  W. 
  H. 
  Hart 
  of 
  Poughkeepsie 
  (N. 
  Y.) 
  obtained 
  

   most 
  excellent 
  results 
  on 
  a 
  large 
  scale 
  with 
  a 
  mechanical 
  dilution 
  of 
  crude 
  

   petroleum 
  purchased 
  of 
  the 
  Frank 
  oil 
  co., 
  Titusville 
  (Pa.). 
  This 
  oil 
  runs 
  

   from 
  a 
  little 
  above 
  43° 
  to 
  nearly 
  45° 
  on 
  the 
  Beaume 
  oil 
  scale. 
  The 
  

   mechanical 
  emulsion 
  does 
  not 
  change 
  the 
  nature 
  of 
  the 
  oil, 
  but 
  it 
  enables 
  

   the 
  operator 
  to 
  cover 
  a 
  tree 
  thoroughly 
  with 
  a 
  minimum 
  amount, 
  and 
  thus 
  

   there 
  is 
  not 
  only 
  a 
  saving 
  of 
  material 
  but 
  there 
  is 
  less 
  danger 
  of 
  injuring 
  the 
  

   tree 
  The 
  crude 
  petroleum 
  spreads 
  readily, 
  adheres 
  to 
  the 
  bark 
  in 
  spite 
  of 
  

   repeated 
  rains, 
  leaving 
  a 
  glossy 
  coat 
  of 
  the 
  heavier 
  oils, 
  which 
  remains 
  

  

  iMade 
  by 
  the 
  Gould 
  manufacturing 
  co., 
  Senaca 
  Falls 
  N. 
  Y. 
  Mechanical 
  

   sprayers 
  are 
  also 
  made 
  by 
  other 
  manufacturers. 
  It 
  is 
  well 
  to 
  test 
  them 
  when 
  

   working 
  from 
  time 
  to 
  time 
  by 
  turning 
  the 
  spray 
  into 
  a 
  jar, 
  allowing 
  the 
  oil 
  and 
  

   water 
  to 
  separate 
  and 
  then 
  to 
  measure 
  the 
  amounts 
  of 
  each. 
  

  

  