﻿338 
  NEW 
  YORK 
  STATE 
  MUSEUM 
  

  

  moist 
  and 
  distinctly 
  visible 
  for 
  several 
  months, 
  and 
  this 
  residuum 
  undoubt- 
  

   edly 
  interferes 
  with 
  the 
  establishment 
  of 
  young 
  scale 
  insects. 
  The 
  spray- 
  

   ing 
  should 
  be 
  done 
  when 
  the 
  bark 
  is 
  dry. 
  It 
  must 
  be 
  very 
  thorough, 
  and, 
  

   in 
  places 
  where 
  the 
  scales 
  have 
  formed 
  incrustations, 
  it 
  is 
  quite 
  difficult 
  

   to 
  kill 
  all 
  the 
  insects 
  even 
  with 
  this 
  substance. 
  The 
  best 
  method 
  in 
  a 
  

   large 
  orchard 
  is 
  to 
  spray 
  at 
  two 
  different 
  times, 
  working 
  always 
  on 
  the 
  

   windward 
  of 
  the 
  trees 
  and 
  spraying 
  the 
  second 
  half 
  when 
  the 
  wind 
  is 
  

   from 
  the 
  opposite 
  direction 
  to 
  that 
  from 
  which 
  it 
  was 
  when 
  the 
  first 
  half 
  

   was 
  sprayed. 
  A 
  10 
  foot 
  brass 
  extension 
  with 
  two 
  to 
  four 
  cyclone 
  nozzles 
  

   is 
  almost 
  necessary 
  for 
  the 
  best 
  results. 
  W. 
  H. 
  Hart, 
  of 
  Poughkeepsie, 
  

   prefers 
  to 
  have 
  the 
  nozzles 
  connected 
  with 
  the 
  extension 
  by 
  a 
  small 
  

   piece 
  of 
  pipe 
  bent 
  at 
  an 
  angle 
  of 
  about 
  45° 
  from 
  the 
  line 
  of 
  the 
  extension. 
  

   Some 
  prefer 
  the 
  nozzles 
  set 
  at 
  a 
  right 
  angle 
  to 
  the 
  extension. 
  It 
  is 
  better 
  

   to 
  have 
  them 
  turned 
  somewhat, 
  and 
  the 
  precise 
  angle 
  is 
  apt 
  to 
  vary 
  with 
  

   individual 
  preferences. 
  Trees 
  sprayed 
  with 
  crude 
  petroleum 
  or 
  kerosene 
  

   should 
  not 
  be 
  trimmed 
  previous 
  to 
  the 
  apphcation 
  as 
  the 
  cuts 
  afford 
  an 
  

   opportunity 
  for 
  the 
  oil 
  to 
  enter 
  and 
  kill 
  the 
  twig 
  for 
  a 
  short 
  distance. 
  

   Experiments 
  with 
  this 
  mechanical 
  emulsion 
  on 
  the 
  aUied 
  species 
  of 
  

   Aspidiotus 
  are 
  advised. 
  

  

  Crude 
  petroleum 
  undiluted. 
  Experiments 
  with 
  this 
  undiluted 
  

   crude 
  oil 
  showed 
  it 
  to 
  be 
  very 
  injurious 
  to 
  plant 
  life, 
  killing 
  two 
  out 
  of 
  four 
  

   trees 
  and 
  seriously 
  injuring 
  the 
  others. 
  The 
  effects 
  of 
  an 
  application 
  of 
  

   this 
  undiluted 
  crude 
  petroleum 
  to 
  plumtrees 
  is 
  strikingly 
  shown 
  on 
  plate 
  

   8. 
  The 
  lombard 
  plumtree 
  93 
  was 
  sprayed 
  with 
  this 
  substance 
  April 
  11. 
  

   Compare 
  its 
  appearance 
  on 
  July 
  2 
  with 
  that 
  of 
  tree 
  8, 
  one 
  of 
  the 
  same 
  

   variety, 
  which 
  was 
  sprayed 
  April 
  11 
  with 
  a 
  20% 
  mechanical 
  kerosene 
  

   emulsion. 
  A 
  litde 
  later 
  in 
  the 
  season 
  tree 
  93 
  died. 
  Plate 
  9 
  shows 
  the 
  

   effect 
  of 
  crude 
  petroleum 
  on 
  seckel 
  peartree 
  loi. 
  Note 
  the 
  dead 
  Hmbs 
  and 
  

   contrast 
  this 
  with 
  the 
  illustration 
  of 
  the 
  Kieffer 
  peartree 
  iio^ 
  which 
  was 
  

   sprayed 
  on 
  the 
  same 
  date 
  as 
  the 
  others 
  but 
  with 
  Good's 
  whale 
  oil 
  soap 
  no. 
  3. 
  

   It 
  is 
  a 
  pleasure 
  to 
  reco.rd 
  that 
  this 
  latter 
  tree 
  fulfilled 
  the 
  promise 
  of 
  its 
  

   bloom. 
  The 
  photograph 
  taken 
  at 
  Kinderhook 
  May 
  21 
  of 
  a 
  King 
  apple- 
  

   tree, 
  which 
  was 
  painted 
  with 
  crude 
  petroleum 
  Dec. 
  i, 
  1899, 
  apparently 
  

   shows 
  that 
  this 
  substance 
  is 
  more 
  deadly 
  if 
  the 
  apphcation 
  be 
  made 
  in 
  

   early 
  winter. 
  This 
  tree 
  died 
  during 
  the 
  summer. 
  At 
  present 
  the 
  use 
  of 
  

   the 
  undiluted 
  article 
  can 
  not 
  be 
  recommended 
  as 
  safe 
  in 
  New 
  York 
  state. 
  

   Dr 
  Smith 
  states 
  in 
  a 
  recent 
  bulletin 
  that 
  he 
  has 
  found 
  that 
  crude 
  petroleum 
  

   which 
  ran 
  above 
  43° 
  on 
  the 
  Beaumeoil 
  scale 
  did 
  not 
  injure 
  the 
  trees, 
  that 
  

   below 
  40° 
  was 
  liable 
  to 
  cause 
  serious 
  injury, 
  while 
  the 
  oil 
  giving 
  a 
  reading 
  of 
  

  

  