﻿SCALE 
  INSECTS 
  OF 
  IMPORTANCE 
  343 
  

  

  TECHNICAL 
  STUDY 
  OF 
  FOUR 
  SPECIES 
  OF 
  ASPIDIOTUS 
  

  

  BY 
  MARGARET 
  FURSMAN 
  BOYNTON 
  

   PREFACE 
  

  

  The 
  four 
  species 
  ofAspidiotus, 
  A. 
  ancylus, 
  A. 
  forbesi, 
  

   A. 
  ostreaeformis 
  and 
  A. 
  p 
  ernici.osu 
  s 
  , 
  are 
  those 
  most 
  com- 
  

   monly 
  found 
  on 
  fruit 
  trees 
  in 
  New 
  York 
  state. 
  They 
  are 
  closely 
  related, 
  

   and 
  all 
  pass 
  the 
  winter 
  as 
  immature 
  individuals. 
  Much 
  of 
  the 
  inspection 
  

   of 
  nursery 
  stock 
  is 
  done 
  either 
  in 
  the 
  fall 
  or 
  in 
  the 
  early 
  spring, 
  and 
  it 
  fre- 
  

   quently 
  happens 
  that 
  we 
  are 
  called 
  on 
  to 
  identify 
  a 
  species 
  from 
  immature 
  

   specimens. 
  It 
  is 
  very 
  true 
  that 
  adults 
  should 
  be 
  somewhere 
  in 
  the 
  vicin- 
  

   ity 
  of 
  the 
  young, 
  but, 
  as 
  a 
  matter 
  of 
  fact, 
  it 
  is 
  frequently 
  difficult 
  to 
  obtain 
  a 
  

   satisfactory 
  amount 
  of 
  adult 
  material 
  for 
  study 
  ; 
  consequently 
  it 
  is 
  quite 
  

   important 
  that 
  we 
  be 
  able 
  to 
  separate 
  these 
  S[)ecies 
  by 
  characters 
  found 
  

   in 
  immature 
  as 
  well 
  as 
  adult 
  specimens. 
  A 
  study 
  of 
  these 
  species, 
  with 
  

   directions 
  to 
  give 
  special 
  attention 
  to 
  the 
  immature 
  stages, 
  was 
  assigned 
  

   to 
  my 
  second 
  assistant, 
  Miss 
  Boynton. 
  The 
  results 
  are 
  given 
  in 
  the 
  fol- 
  

   lowing 
  paper. 
  

  

  E. 
  P. 
  Felt 
  

  

  Explanation 
  of 
  terms. 
  In 
  the 
  study 
  of 
  scale 
  insects 
  the 
  final 
  

   appeal 
  for 
  the 
  determination 
  of 
  species 
  is, 
  of 
  course, 
  to 
  the 
  microscopic 
  

   detail 
  of 
  the 
  anal 
  plate, 
  made 
  up 
  of 
  the 
  terminal 
  segments, 
  of 
  the 
  adult 
  

   female. 
  Here 
  peculiar 
  organs 
  appear 
  which 
  are 
  designated 
  by 
  distinctive 
  

   names, 
  and 
  must 
  be 
  recognized 
  by 
  the 
  terms 
  so 
  used 
  in 
  order 
  to 
  under- 
  

   stand 
  any 
  technical 
  description 
  of 
  species. 
  It 
  may 
  be 
  well 
  to 
  illustiate 
  

   with 
  a 
  diagram 
  \^pl. 
  ii) 
  and 
  to 
  explain 
  those 
  which 
  occur 
  in 
  the 
  following 
  

   characterizations, 
  specially 
  as 
  the 
  usage 
  of 
  these 
  terms 
  varies 
  somewhat 
  

   with 
  different 
  writers. 
  

  

  The 
  margin 
  of 
  the 
  anal 
  plate 
  is 
  irregular, 
  usually 
  showing 
  broad 
  and 
  

   somewhat 
  thickened 
  prolongations 
  of 
  the 
  body 
  wall. 
  These 
  are 
  called 
  

   lobes 
  (pi. 
  II, 
  fig. 
  la). 
  In 
  the 
  following 
  species 
  there 
  are 
  two 
  or 
  four, 
  paired 
  

   bilaterally, 
  as 
  are 
  most 
  of 
  the 
  important 
  organs 
  on 
  this 
  segment, 
  and 
  

   some 
  times 
  there 
  are 
  the 
  rudiments 
  of 
  a 
  third 
  pair. 
  It 
  is 
  supposed 
  that 
  they 
  

   are 
  used 
  in 
  shifting 
  the 
  position 
  of 
  the 
  insect 
  under 
  the 
  scale. 
  Spines 
  and 
  

   plates 
  also 
  ornament 
  the 
  margin. 
  The 
  spines 
  appear 
  under 
  the 
  micro- 
  

   scope 
  like 
  short, 
  stiff 
  hairs 
  with 
  bulbous 
  bases. 
  They 
  are 
  likely 
  to 
  extend 
  

   more 
  or 
  less 
  nearly 
  at 
  right 
  angles 
  to 
  the 
  general 
  line 
  of 
  the 
  margin, 
  are 
  

   similarly 
  arranged 
  on 
  the 
  two 
  sides 
  of 
  the 
  median 
  line, 
  and 
  are 
  usually 
  on 
  the 
  

   two 
  surfaces, 
  the 
  dorsal 
  and 
  the 
  ventral. 
  That 
  is, 
  when 
  the 
  focus 
  is 
  fixed 
  

  

  