﻿PLEISTOCENE 
  GEOLOGY 
  OF 
  NASSAU 
  CO. 
  AND 
  BOROUGH 
  OF 
  QUEENS 
  641 
  

  

  miles 
  at 
  the 
  rate 
  of 
  30 
  feet 
  to 
  the 
  mile. 
  Such 
  an 
  elevation 
  of 
  the 
  

   ice 
  sheet 
  increasing 
  northward 
  over 
  the 
  sound 
  and 
  on 
  the 
  mainland 
  

   would 
  give 
  great 
  hydrostatic 
  pressure 
  to 
  the 
  subglacial 
  drainage, 
  the 
  

   effect 
  of 
  which 
  would 
  be 
  to 
  produce 
  violent 
  discharge 
  at 
  the 
  front 
  

   in 
  any 
  direction, 
  outward 
  or 
  upward, 
  in 
  free 
  coursing 
  streams 
  on 
  

   the 
  one 
  hand 
  and 
  in 
  fountains 
  along 
  the 
  crevassed, 
  drift-blocked 
  ice 
  

   margin 
  on 
  the 
  other 
  hand, 
  in 
  the 
  manner 
  of 
  the 
  discharge 
  from 
  the 
  

   border 
  of 
  the 
  Malaspina 
  glacier 
  as 
  described 
  by 
  Russell.^ 
  An 
  over- 
  

   laden 
  stream, 
  scouring 
  the 
  gravelly 
  bed 
  of 
  the 
  glacier 
  and 
  rising 
  at 
  

   the 
  front 
  through 
  a 
  shaft 
  to 
  a 
  point 
  of 
  discharge 
  on 
  the 
  margin, 
  

   would 
  drop 
  that 
  material 
  at 
  the 
  margin 
  in 
  a 
  high 
  cone, 
  whose 
  ulti- 
  

   mate 
  form 
  would 
  depend 
  on 
  the 
  degree 
  to 
  which 
  it 
  was 
  deformed 
  

   by 
  irregular 
  deposition 
  on 
  buried 
  masses 
  of 
  ice, 
  the 
  melting 
  of 
  

   which 
  would 
  let 
  down 
  those 
  huge 
  karaelike 
  heaps 
  of 
  gravel 
  in 
  the 
  

   form 
  of 
  mounds 
  along 
  the 
  ice 
  front. 
  

  

  Distinction 
  hetween 
  oitter 
  and 
  inner 
  inoraine. 
  Two 
  very 
  distinct 
  

   lines 
  of 
  moraines, 
  designated 
  as 
  the 
  inner 
  and 
  the 
  outer, 
  typically 
  

   developed 
  on 
  Cape 
  Cod 
  on 
  the 
  one 
  hand 
  and 
  on 
  Nantucket 
  and 
  

   Marthas 
  Vineyard 
  on 
  the 
  othei', 
  have 
  long 
  been 
  recognized 
  by 
  

   American 
  geologists, 
  and 
  have 
  been 
  traced 
  with 
  much 
  certainty 
  

   across 
  the 
  intervening 
  stretches 
  of 
  sea 
  and 
  land 
  or 
  islands 
  to 
  Long 
  

   Island, 
  most 
  successfully 
  by 
  Warren 
  Upham,^ 
  whose 
  name 
  and 
  labors 
  

   must 
  ever 
  be 
  associated 
  with 
  the 
  glacial 
  deposits 
  of 
  this 
  region. 
  

   Mr 
  Upham 
  evidently 
  regarded 
  the 
  inner 
  of 
  these 
  two 
  lines 
  of 
  

   moraines 
  as 
  terminating, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  its 
  relief 
  above 
  sealevel 
  is 
  con- 
  

   cerned, 
  at 
  Port 
  Jefferson. 
  The 
  morainal 
  ridge 
  which 
  extends 
  from 
  

   the 
  vicinity 
  of 
  Coldspring 
  to 
  New 
  York 
  narrows 
  was 
  regarded 
  as 
  

   the 
  outer 
  moraine. 
  This 
  interpretation 
  has, 
  so 
  far 
  as 
  I 
  know, 
  ever 
  

   since 
  been 
  generally 
  accepted,^ 
  and 
  the 
  moraines 
  have 
  so 
  been 
  repre- 
  

   sented 
  on 
  compiled 
  maps, 
  leaving 
  as 
  an 
  unsolved 
  problem 
  the 
  ques- 
  

   tion 
  of 
  what 
  has 
  become 
  of 
  so 
  well 
  defined 
  a 
  moraine 
  as 
  that 
  which 
  

   from 
  Port 
  Jefferson 
  eastward 
  has 
  been 
  known 
  as 
  the 
  inner 
  moraine, 
  

  

  ^ 
  Russell, 
  I. 
  C. 
  Second 
  expedition 
  to 
  Mt 
  St 
  Elias. 
  TJ. 
  S. 
  geol. 
  sur. 
  13th 
  an. 
  

   fc 
  rep't. 
  1893. 
  pt 
  2, 
  p. 
  81. 
  

  

  2 
  Upham, 
  Warren. 
  Glacial 
  history 
  of 
  the 
  New 
  England 
  islands. 
  Am. 
  geol. 
  

   1899. 
  24 
  : 
  79-89. 
  

  

  3 
  Chamberlin, 
  T. 
  C. 
  U. 
  S. 
  geol. 
  sur. 
  3d 
  an. 
  rep't. 
  1883. 
  map, 
  pi. 
  33. 
  

  

  