﻿PLEISTOCENE 
  GEOLOGY 
  OF 
  NASSAU 
  CO. 
  AND 
  BOROUGH 
  OF 
  QUEENS 
  651 
  

  

  Concerning 
  the 
  origin 
  of 
  the 
  Jamaica 
  bay 
  depression, 
  it 
  is 
  inti- 
  

   mately 
  associated 
  with 
  another 
  feature, 
  the 
  Far 
  Kockaway 
  ridge 
  

   ah-eady 
  mentioned 
  as 
  extending 
  northeastward 
  on 
  the 
  southeast 
  side 
  

   of 
  the 
  bay 
  till 
  it 
  disappears 
  beneath 
  the 
  sands 
  of 
  the 
  frontal 
  plain 
  

   near 
  Lynbrook. 
  The 
  structure 
  of 
  this 
  ridge 
  is 
  not 
  well 
  revealed. 
  

   So 
  far 
  as 
  the 
  superficial 
  deposits 
  go, 
  they 
  appear 
  everywhere 
  to 
  be 
  

   yellowish 
  quartz 
  gravels 
  up 
  to 
  3 
  inches 
  in 
  diameter. 
  Like 
  tlie 
  

   depressed 
  area 
  northwest 
  of 
  it, 
  the 
  ridge 
  appears 
  certainly 
  to 
  be 
  

   older 
  than 
  the 
  surface 
  features 
  of 
  the 
  plain 
  in 
  its 
  vicinity. 
  

  

  Barnum's 
  island, 
  lying 
  to 
  the 
  east 
  of 
  the 
  Far 
  Kockaway 
  ridge, 
  was 
  

   not 
  visited 
  ; 
  but 
  the 
  following 
  well 
  section, 
  reported 
  by 
  Dr 
  F. 
  J. 
  H. 
  

   Merrill 
  several 
  years 
  ago, 
  would 
  seem 
  to 
  indicate 
  that 
  the 
  Far 
  

   Kockaway 
  gravel 
  extends 
  in 
  that 
  direction. 
  The 
  normal 
  sediments 
  

   of 
  the 
  outwash 
  plain 
  would 
  be, 
  at 
  least 
  at 
  surface, 
  at 
  this 
  distance 
  

   from 
  the 
  moraine 
  fine 
  sand 
  rather 
  than 
  gravel. 
  

  

  WELL 
  SECTION 
  ON 
  BARa\"UM's 
  ISLAND^ 
  Feet 
  

  

  Sand 
  and 
  gravel, 
  stratified 
  70 
  

  

  Clay 
  and 
  clayey 
  sand 
  with 
  lignite 
  56 
  

  

  Gravel 
  and 
  fine 
  sand 
  with 
  clayey 
  sand 
  , 
  . 
  44 
  

  

  j31ue 
  clay, 
  clayey 
  sand 
  and 
  silt, 
  with 
  lignite 
  and 
  pyrites 
  168 
  

  

  Crosby 
  agrees 
  in 
  referring 
  the 
  upper 
  70 
  feet 
  to 
  the 
  yellow 
  gravel. 
  

  

  The 
  elevation 
  of 
  the 
  ridge 
  is 
  quite 
  uniformly 
  a 
  little 
  more 
  than 
  

   20 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  scale 
  vel 
  ; 
  its 
  direction 
  is 
  parallel 
  with 
  the 
  moraine 
  

   on 
  the 
  north 
  of 
  it. 
  This 
  association 
  of 
  a 
  depression 
  which 
  appears 
  

   to 
  have 
  been 
  in 
  the 
  process 
  of 
  filling 
  by 
  streams 
  pouring 
  from 
  the 
  

   ice 
  front, 
  with 
  a 
  bar 
  of 
  gravels 
  older 
  than 
  the 
  outwash 
  plain, 
  as 
  their 
  

   composition 
  and 
  form 
  show, 
  suggests 
  the 
  deformation 
  of 
  the 
  

   Columbia 
  or 
  some 
  underlying 
  coastal 
  plain 
  formation 
  at 
  some 
  time 
  

   anterior 
  to 
  the 
  completion 
  of 
  the 
  moraine 
  and 
  its 
  frontal 
  plain. 
  

   Such 
  deformation 
  might 
  well 
  arise 
  as 
  the 
  effect 
  of 
  the 
  imposition 
  of 
  

   the 
  weight 
  of 
  the 
  ice 
  sheet 
  on 
  the 
  yielding 
  sediments 
  previously 
  

   deposited. 
  In 
  this 
  view, 
  the 
  Far 
  Kockaway 
  ridge 
  is 
  an 
  outlying, 
  

   upraised 
  fold, 
  or 
  " 
  parma," 
  ^ 
  and 
  the 
  bay 
  a 
  correlated 
  depressed 
  area, 
  

  

  1 
  Merrill, 
  F. 
  J. 
  H. 
  Geology 
  of 
  Long 
  Island. 
  N. 
  Y. 
  acad. 
  scl. 
  Annals. 
  1886. 
  

   3 
  : 
  350. 
  

   * 
  Suess, 
  Edouard. 
  La 
  face 
  de 
  la 
  terre. 
  Paris. 
  1897. 
  1 
  : 
  820. 
  

  

  