BULLETIN OF THE GEOLOGICAL SOCIETY OF AMERICA 

 Vol. 25, pp. 407-410 September 15, 1914 



PROCEEDINGS OF THE PALEONTOLOGICAL SOCIETY 



EESTORATION OF THE WORLD SERIES OF ELEPHANTS 

 AND MASTODONS ^ 



BY HENRY FAIRFIELD OSBORN 



{Bead before the Paleontological Society January 1, 191Jf) 



Under the author's direction the animal sculptor Mr. Charles li. 

 Knight has been engaged during the past two years on a series of models 

 of the elephants and mastodons to a uniform scale of 1^ inches to the 

 foot, or a one-eighth scale. Three living and three extinct types have been 

 completed, and the series Avill finally include the ancestral proboscidian 

 stages as far back as Pala'o mastodon, all to the same scale. 



The standards of shoulder height of the recent forms are taken from 

 the well known records of Rowland Ward (1907), and the estimates of 

 shoulder height. of extinct forms are taken partly from actual skeletons, 

 as in the case of the mastodon and woolly mammoth, and from fore-limb 

 measurements in the case of the imperial mammoth. These heights in 

 descending order are as follows : 



Imperial mammoth, Elephas imperator, 13 feet 6 inches, estimate of F. A. 



Lucas. 

 African elephant, Loxodon africanus, 11 feet 8% inches, record of Rowland 



Ward. 

 Indian elephant, Elephas indicus, 9 feet 10 inches, record of Rowland Ward. 

 Indian elephant, Elephas indicus, 10 feet 6 inches, record of Rowland Ward. 

 Hairy mammoth, Elephas primigenius, 9 feet 6 inches, estimated from skeleton. 

 American mastodon. Mastodon americanus, 9 feet 6 inches, estimated from 



skeleton. 

 Pigmy African elephant, Loxodon cyclotis, 6 feet 2 inches, present height of 



type specimen in New York Zoological Park. 



The tusks in each type, which in these models are also record tusks as 

 to length, and curvature, are selected as the most generally characteristic in 

 form and curvature or are actual tusks, as in the case of L. africanas, E. 

 primigenius, and E. imperator. The living forms have been studied by 

 Mr. Knight directly from types in the New York and otlier zoological 

 parks. They are regarded by experts as excellent models except in the 



1 Manuscript received by the Secretary of tlie Geological Society June 15, 1914. 



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