288 J. C. BEAXXER OL'TLIXES OF THE GEOLOGY OF BRAZIL 



.Maey J. Rathbuts^ : Description of a new species of Zantkopsis from Parabyba 



do Norte. Bulletin of tlie Geological Society of America, volume 13, pages 



43-44, illustrated. Rochester, 1902. 

 W. Reay, Jr. : Mining explorations in Brazil. The provinces of Parahyba and 



Pernambuco. The Mining Journal, February 13, 1864, volume XXXIY, 



page 106. London, 1864. 

 Ralph H. Soper : Geologia e supprimento d'agua subterranea no Rio Grande 



do Norte e Parahyba. Publicagao 26 da Inspectoria de Obras Contra as 



Seccas. 62 paginas. Rio de Janeiro, 1913. 

 R. H. Soper: The geology of Parahyba and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil. 



Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, volume LY, pages 1-20. 



Philadelphia, 1916. 

 E. Williamson : Geology of Parahyba and Pernambuco gold regions. Trans- 

 actions of the Manchester Geological Society, volume VI, pages 113-122. 



Sessions of 1886-7. Manchester, 1868. 

 S. W. WnxiSTox : Description of a new species of Cimolichthys from Parahyba 



do Norte. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America, volume 13, pages 



44-45, illustrated. Rochester, 1902. 



PARAXA 



Previous investigations. — The most important papers on the geology 

 of Parana are those of Derb}', Oliveira, Siemiradzki, White, and Wood- 

 worth, while the report of Clarke on the Devonian fossils is the most 

 important on the paleontology. Of these the late report of Dr. Enzebio 

 Paulo de Oliveira is the most comprehensive, and brings our knowledge 

 of the geology of that state up to date. By an nnfortnnate oversight his 

 paper was published without the author's name. It is entitled ^^Geologia 

 do Estado do Parana" and appears at pages 67 to 143 of the Boletim do 

 Ministerio da Agricultura, Industria e Commercio, anno Y, Eio de Ja- 

 neiro, 1916. Unfortunately the base map of Parana mentioned by that 

 vn-iter does not accompany the report and has not been available. 



Some good general descriptions of Parana are given by Henry Lange 

 in his Siidbrasilien. Bigg-Wither's book is a valuable work on the State 

 of Parana, but it has very little on the geology. 



General geology. — The geology of the State of Parana is simple, but it 

 includes an unusually wide geologic time range. On the coast and form- 

 ing the high escarpment that faces the ocean are the Archean granites, 

 gneisses, schists, and intrusives. Eesting directly on the Archean are 

 certain metamorphosed rocks — schists, limestones, and quartzites — that 

 Euzebio de Oliveira calls the Devonian complex. Their precise age is not 

 known, but it seems probable that they, or some of them, represent the 

 older Paleozoic of other parts of Brazil. On these and on the westward 

 slope of the Archean rests the Devonian rocks, which are here represented 

 by a basal conglomerate, the Furnas sandstones, and the Ponta Grossa 



