GENERAL AND ECONOMIC GEOLOGY 289 



shales, with a total thickness of 250 meters, all of them dipping gently 

 westward. The Ponta Grossa shales have furnished abundant fossils that 

 have been described by John M. Clarke, and there is no uncertainty about 

 the age of the rocks from which they come. Overlying the Devonian beds 

 are the Lower Permian sandstones and shales, with evidences of glacia- 

 tion, followed by the Upper Permian shales, sandstones, flints, coal, and 

 fossil plants. Both divisions of the Permian cross the entire, width of 

 the state from Eio Itarare, Sao Paulo, to Santa Catharina, on the 

 Iguassu. 



West of the Permian are the Triassic sandstones (Botucatii), with their 

 accompanying sheets and dikes of eruptive rocks. In Parana the Tri- 

 assic beds have thus far furnished no fossils. 



Siemiradski thinks the region of the Parana highlands is profoundly 

 faulted. There is no doubt about the existence of faults all through the 



, _ Folhdhos de, 



W Ponta 6ro5sa(sOin) E 



Permiano iT (Arenitos das Furnas 



^ig^St^^^lT^^^^ 



Figure 17. — General east-ivest Section south of Titagy, Parand 

 According to Eusebio de Oliveira. 



region, but thus far the great dislocations suggested by that geologist 

 have not been verified.* 



Economic geology. — Molybdenum is said to occur in the Archean rocks 

 on Rio Capivary, 30 kilometers from Curytiba. Coal of Permian age is 

 found on the Rio das Cinzas, in the northern part of the state, and dia- 

 monds have been mined along some of the streams that flow from and 

 across the Devonian area. The Iraty shales at the base of the Upper 

 Permian are bituminous, and asphalt is said to occur in veins in the 

 Upper Permian in the southern part of the state. 



Limestones in the form of lenses in the Archean occur on the Curityba 

 plateau, especially at Pangare. In the older Paleozoic series are also 

 limestones north of Curityba and between Cachoeira and Rocinha and at 

 Itaiacoca. Limestones are also common in the Permian at many places. 



Geologid Maps of Parand 



I. C. White, 1908.— Accompanying Dr. I. C. White's 'Tinal Report on 

 the Coal Measures ... of South Brazi?' is a map of the States of 



* J. von Siemiradski : Geologisclie Reisebeobactitungen in Sudbrasilien. Sitz. der K. 

 Akad. Wiss. Wien., 1898, 25. 



