PALEOBOTANICAL EVIDENCE 525 



ledons, it concludes some peculiar ferns that find their closest relationship 

 with species now living in the Pacific islands. The Montana group has 

 afforded several small floras, including that of the Mesaverde formation 

 (80 ± species), the Yermejo formation (108 species, 51 genera), thj 

 Fruitland and Kirtland formations (40 species, 20 genera), and the Fox 

 Hills sandstone (14 species, 12 genera). The Laramie formation as ar 

 present accepted has a flora of 129 species belonging to 53 genera. 



In the Canadian provinces there are small Upper Cretaceous floras, 

 as that of the Mill Creek series (25 species), the Belly Eiver (about 150 

 species), and the northern part of Vancouver Island (81 species). 



With the exception of the Dakota flora already mentioned floras of 

 Upper Cretaceous age are practically unknown in South America and 

 Antarctica. Australia has a somewhat doubtful flora referred to this 

 age (61 species), and New Zealand a still smaller one (36 species). 

 Asia, during Upper Cretaceous time, was receiving mainly marine de- 

 posits, and hence few plants are known, the most notable being from 

 Japan (23 species). Africa has also very few plant beds of this age. 



Turning now to Europe, only briefest mention can be made of the 

 Upper Cretaceous plant deposits. Thus, only 7 species are recorded 

 from Scandinavia and none from England, which received only marine 

 deposits. France fared a little better, having small floras from the 

 Cenomanian of Anjon, the Argonne, and the He d^Aix (15 zb species), 

 the Turonian of Bagnols and Mede (48 species), the Eschmerian of 

 Beausset near Tulon (10 species), and the Atrurian of Foveau (19 

 species). Portugal has Cenomanian, Turonian, and Senonian floras ag- 

 gregating about 80 species. The Italian flora is almost negligible (11 

 species ) , while the German and Austrian-Hungarian floras are very large. 

 Thus, from the basal Campanian, in the vicinity of Aachen (Aix-la- 

 Chapelle), about 150 species are known, over 80 species (Cenomanian) 

 from Niedershoena, 25 species or more from near Dresden, and over 70 

 species from Saxony. From the Perucer beds (Cenomanian) of Bohemia 

 no less than 184 species have been described, while from Moravia there 

 are considerable floras known. 



Climate of Upper Cretaceous time. — Before discussing the probable 

 climatic conditions that seem to be indicated for Upper Cretaceous time, 

 a word may be said as to the presumed place of origin of the dicotyle- 

 donous floras that had spread so widely and almost coincident with the 

 dawn of the Upper Cratecous. Although, as Berry has well said, the 

 time has not come for a thoroughly satisfactory discussion of the origin 

 and migration of this great flora, it bursts upon our attention with such 



