078 J. W. BEEDE BEDS OF APPALACHIAN AND WESTERN SECTIONS 



centage only being common to the Coal Measures. It is, in fact, somewhat 

 surprising to note so few pre-Permian forms in this flora." " 



In the paragraph quoted, there is a discussion of a list of plants found 

 north of Washington, Washington County, Kansas, with a considerable 

 number of Pennsylvanian survivors, concerning which an explanation is 

 necessary. 



The apparent horizon of this locality, as belonging to the Winfield 

 limestone, was given to White by the present writer. It is virtually an 

 inlier in the Cretaceous rocks of the region and its position in the Per- 

 mian section was inferred from its geographic position with respect to 

 rocks outcropping farther east. Eecently it has been found that one of 

 the buried granite ridges of this part of the State is located in this re- 

 gion, 12 so it is likely that the apparent age of this exposure was under- 

 estimated on account of the presence of a large anticlinal fold the top of 

 which had been eroded away. Its actual horizon is unknown. 



From beds higher than the Neva limestone, in Kansas, we have 21 

 genera, represented by 50 species, concerning which White remarks : 



"All the specially identified plants [eliminates five species] in the above list 

 are found in beds referred to the Permian in their respective provinces, most 

 of them being European. The species in bold types [33] are diagnostic of the 

 Permian." 13 



In Oklahoma and Texas, in the beds which possibly are above a large 

 part of the Kansas beds, from which the plants just referred to occur, wc 

 find a Gigantopteris flora introduced. This flora contains 18 genera and 

 46 species, practically all of which are either diagnostic of the Permian 

 or occur in Permian beds of other parts of the world. 14 



From the foregoing data it is seen that in the case of the plants those 

 characteristic of the Pennsylvanian continue nearly to the Neva lime- 

 stone, when they disappear, except for certain persistent or transition 

 elements which go over into the Lower Permian deposits, as is typified 

 by the Onaga flora. 



In this respect the whole history of the plants parallels that of the 

 invertebrates, except that the species and genera of the latter are, on the 

 whole, more persistent than are the species and genera of the plants. 



In both cases the evolution of genera and species w T as relatively slow 

 during the Pennsylvanian and was quickened with the initiation of the 

 Permian conditions. They show apparently autochthonous genera and 



11 Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xli, 1912. p. 509. 



12 Moore : Bulletin Amer. Assoc. Pet. Geol., vol. iv, 1920, map, p. 257. 



13 D. White : Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. xli, no. 1873, 1912, pp. 508, 509. 

 " D. White : Op. cit., pp. 505-507. 



