I02 NEW YORK STATE MUSEUM 



had a fort nine years before. Presumably this would be seen to the 

 southeast, looking across the river from somewhere near Amster- 

 dam. This was east of Schoharie creek. By retiring to the other 

 side of this and drawing their other villages to the south side 

 of the Mohawk they were defended by two large streams, which 

 was a very great advantage. 



Both field work and history testify to these frequent changes. 

 The castles and villages shifted from side to side of the valley. 

 They were south of the Mohawk at this time and for many years 

 later. In 1677 all were on the north side. When the Mahikan 

 war was over they lived less compactly and spread up and down 

 the river. No attempt therefore will now be made to follow these 

 changes though occasional allusions will be made. 



Dominie Johannes Megapolensis (1642-70) said that the Turtle 

 tribe had " made a fort of palisades, and they call their castle As- 

 serue. Those of the Bear are next. to these, and their castle is 

 called Banagiro (Kanagiro). The last (the Wolf) are a progeny 

 of these and their castle is called Thenondiogo." In 1677 Went- 

 worth Greenhalgh said they Were all on the north side of the river 

 and their villages were called Cahaniaga, Ganagora, Canajorha 

 and Tionondogue. The French knew these by several names. On 

 Adrian Van der Donck's map (1656) three castles appear on the 

 south side of the river. The first is Carenay, the second Canagero, 

 the third tTonnontego. Above the latter and north of the river 

 is the word Sehanatisse and above the first appears Ounjune or 

 Assereawe. The maps of 1614 and 1616 place them north of the 

 river but they were on both sides at an early day. 



1 A cemetery two and one half miles west of St Johnsville. 



2 A modern village and cemetery a mile northwest of Palatine 

 Church on the Nellis farm. 



3 A recent cemetery two and one half miles northwest of Nellis- 

 ton and north of the river on the Smith farm formerly Lipe's. 

 Northeast were about 20 caches and 50 rods north a village of two 

 acres with recent relics. This is east of Palatine Church. 



4 A fine and elevated village site east of Garoga creek over- 

 looking Wagner's hollow. It is about five miles northwest of 



