﻿REPOET 
  OF 
  THE 
  DIRECTOR 
  r73 
  

  

  that 
  during 
  a 
  flood 
  of 
  the 
  creek 
  in 
  June, 
  1855, 
  the 
  waters 
  set 
  back 
  

   up 
  the 
  extinct 
  channel 
  until 
  the 
  water 
  actually 
  fell 
  northward 
  

   toward 
  Cajmga 
  lake, 
  the 
  flood 
  standing 
  12 
  feet 
  high 
  on 
  the 
  build- 
  

   ings 
  by 
  the 
  highway. 
  The 
  channel 
  is 
  from 
  10 
  to 
  15 
  rods 
  wide, 
  and 
  

   is 
  the 
  smallest 
  and 
  shortest 
  of 
  the 
  ancient 
  outlets 
  so 
  far 
  seen 
  by 
  the 
  

   writer." 
  

  

  A 
  number 
  of 
  the 
  morainal 
  hummocks 
  immediately 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  

   overflow 
  channel 
  rise 
  from 
  30 
  to 
  60 
  and 
  75 
  feet 
  above 
  the 
  outlet 
  

   and 
  clearly 
  represented 
  miniature 
  islands 
  dotting 
  the 
  surface 
  of 
  this 
  

   part 
  of 
  the 
  lake, 
  since 
  no 
  lake 
  deposits 
  can 
  be 
  found 
  capping 
  the 
  

   highest 
  knolls. 
  

  

  White 
  Church 
  outlet 
  

  

  The 
  head 
  of 
  this 
  channel 
  occupies 
  the 
  middle 
  portion 
  of 
  the 
  

   valley 
  at 
  the 
  Bell 
  school-house 
  some 
  three 
  quarters 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  north 
  of 
  

   White 
  Church 
  depot, 
  and 
  is 
  about 
  one 
  quarter 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  wide, 
  flanked 
  

   on 
  either 
  side 
  by 
  flood-plains, 
  the 
  highest 
  one 
  of 
  which 
  is 
  30 
  to 
  40 
  

   feet 
  above 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  channel. 
  The 
  channel 
  follows 
  directly 
  

   southward 
  in 
  an 
  almost 
  continuous 
  course 
  to 
  join 
  the 
  Susquehanna 
  

   riv^er 
  at 
  Owego, 
  some 
  20 
  miles 
  distant. 
  The 
  tracks 
  of 
  the 
  Dela- 
  

   ware, 
  Lackawanna 
  and 
  Western, 
  and 
  the 
  Elmira, 
  Cortland 
  and 
  

   Northern 
  railroads 
  are 
  laid 
  near 
  the 
  bottom 
  of 
  the 
  channel 
  and 
  

   ■continue 
  in 
  it 
  for 
  some 
  distance 
  southward. 
  The 
  divide 
  over 
  

   which 
  the 
  White 
  Church 
  overflow 
  leads, 
  is 
  not 
  so 
  sharp 
  and 
  

   distinct 
  as 
  the 
  Spencer 
  Summit 
  divide. 
  The 
  streams 
  continue 
  

   in 
  sluggish 
  meanders 
  for 
  a 
  mile 
  or 
  more 
  to 
  the 
  north 
  and 
  

   south 
  of 
  the 
  water 
  parting. 
  Neither 
  is 
  the 
  moraine 
  so 
  typically 
  

   developed 
  in 
  this 
  valley, 
  although 
  it 
  is 
  quite 
  distinct 
  and 
  reaches 
  

   .some 
  distance 
  south 
  of 
  the 
  divide 
  when 
  it 
  gradually 
  merges 
  into 
  the 
  

   heavy 
  valley 
  trains. 
  The 
  divide 
  has 
  an 
  elevation 
  of 
  973 
  feet, 
  as 
  

   ^iven 
  by 
  the 
  survey 
  of 
  the 
  Elmira, 
  Cortland 
  and 
  Northern 
  railroad, 
  

   with 
  a 
  distance 
  of 
  about 
  one 
  mile 
  between 
  the 
  valley 
  walls 
  at 
  this 
  

   point. 
  

  

  Horseheads 
  outlet 
  

  

  This 
  overflow, 
  which 
  is 
  a 
  short 
  distance 
  north 
  of 
  the 
  village 
  

   of 
  Horseheads 
  in 
  the 
  southern 
  part 
  of 
  the 
  Seneca 
  valley, 
  is 
  by 
  

   far 
  the 
  largest 
  and 
  most 
  perfectly 
  developed 
  channel 
  of 
  the 
  

   ancient 
  overflows. 
  It 
  is 
  about 
  one 
  quarter 
  of 
  a 
  mile 
  in 
  width 
  at 
  its 
  

  

  