468 REPORT UNITED STATES ENTOMOLOGICAL COMMISSION. 



gary were often visited by them. In 1828 and 1829 enormous swarms 

 invaded the coast of the Black Sea. In 1859, in the South Russian 

 provinces of Cherson, and in Bessarabia, a tract 60 versts long and 

 about one- third as wide was overrun by them. Taschenberg gives the 

 locust years in Russia in the present century as follows : 1800, 1801, 

 1803, 1812-'16, 1820-'22, 1824 and 1825, 1828-'31, 1834-'36, 1844, 1847, 

 1850 and 1851, 1859 and 1801. 



In August, 1384, according to Mr. J. Boll, they invaded portions of 

 Switzerland. 



In Germany the records go back to 1333. In this year, and until 

 1336, they abounded. Entering Hungary, they overflowed into Poland 

 and Austria. They then divided into two great swarms, one of which 

 flew southerly into Italy, the other into France, Suabia, Bavaria, Thu- 

 ringia, and Saxony. In Germany they again occurred in 1543. In 1693 

 they invaded Thuringia, going from Hungary by way of Austria, 

 Silesia, and Bohemia, and invading the region about Jena, Gotha, 

 Erfurt, and Weimar. 



In Germany the locust years were as follows : 13S3-'36, 1475, 1527 

 and 1543, 1636, 1686, 1693 and 1696, 1712,1714, 1715, 1719, 1727-'31,1734, 

 1746-^50, 1752-'54, 1759, 1761, and for the present century, 1803, 1825-'30, 

 1856, 1859. In 1873-'74, small numbers appeared in swarms about 

 Genshagen, near Berlin j they laid their eggs, and in the middle of 

 June of 1875 the larvse appeared in millions, becoming fledged in July. 



Koppen has published (Horse Soc. Ent. Ross, iii, pp. 89-246) an elab- 

 orate memoir on the migratory locust of Southern Russia. He gives, 

 in the first place, a bibliography of his subject, which •includes several 

 memoirs published in Russian journals. With regard to the species, 

 Koppen remarks on the various opinions of entomologists as to the rela- 

 tion between Fachytylus migratorius (Linn.) and P.dner«scc?is(Fabr.),and 

 comes to the conclusion that the two supposed species are to be regarded 

 as varieties of one and the same, and that (Edipoda tatraica (Motsch.) is 

 identical with P. cinerascens. The form which he met with most abun- 

 dantly in South Russia is the true P. migratorius. 



The development of the insect is described by Koppen in detail. The 

 eggs are deposited by the females, to the number of 60 to 100 together, 

 in little nests surrounded by a membranous envelope. The eggs are 

 laid in autumn and the young hatched in the following spring. The 

 envelope is burst a little while before the exclusion of the young. The 

 eggs display a great power of resistance to the influence of cold ; they 

 have been found when placed with earth in a large glass vessel to retain 

 their vitality when the temperature reached 26^ Fahrenheit. 



The larvae are said by Koppen to moult four times, and the fourth 

 moult produces the winged insect. The different stages are described 

 by Koppen. At the end of May (1861), eggs taken from the ground 

 showed the eyes, antennae, segments, and legs of the larvae distinctly j 

 and a little while before hatching, the larvae could move within the egg. 



