THE LOCUSTS OF THE OLD WORLD. 471 



are sometimes produced on warm days in October, but these soon die. 

 The hatching occupies from two to three weeks, according to circum- 

 stances. The winged insects appear in the beginning and middle of 

 July; copulation takes place early in August; and the oviposition ex- 

 tends from the middle of August to October. The dry steppes consti- 

 tute the chief haunt of the locnsts; damp places they seem to avoid. 

 The females prefer for the reception of their ova the solid virgin soil, 

 and rarely visit plowed land for this purpose. Damp and cold are 

 unfavorable for the development of the eggs. The author discusses in? 

 great detail the external conditions which act favorably or unfavorably^ 

 upon these insects. The greater part of this section is devoted to the- 

 consideration of their enemies, of which Koppen gives a formidable 

 list (pp. 151-16G). 



Leime and other authors have given Tartary as the true home of the 

 migrating locusts; but in Tartary no large swarms occur. In the 

 author's opinion, the countries in which the swarms are seen are also 

 the countries of their birth. He cites many facts in support of this 

 opinion, and in illustration of the geographical distribution of the in- 

 sect, the northern limit of their migratory or nomadic life being a line- 

 passing from Spain through the south of France, Switzerland, Pomera- 

 nia, South Eussia, and South Siberia, to the north of China. To the- 

 north of this line the insects generally occur only singly. Many inter- 

 esting details as to their occurrence in vast numbers are given by tha 

 author (pp. 190-205). 



Koppen also describes the injury done by the locusts when they occur 

 in great numbers, and indicates the means adopted for their suppres- 

 sion (pp. 205-246). 



Koppen also notices Caloptenus italicus^ a congener of our G. spretus, 

 which likewise occurs in South Eussia, and at such times, as in other 

 regions of Southern Europe, sometimes in injurious numbers. Other 

 species which are also occasional devastators, especially when asso- 

 ciated with the migratory species, are Pachytylits stridulus, (Edipoda. 

 I'astator, iStauronotus vastator, S. cruciatus^ and Fezotettix alpina. 



KUntsler reports this insect as injurious to corn-crops in Austria in 

 1866 and 1867. 



The ravages of the locust in Bavaria have been discussed by Jaeckel,^^^ 

 who cites various records of the visits of this species in swarms during 

 the fourteenth century, one toward the close of the fifteenth, and one 

 at the end of the seventeenth century, and gives a long account of a 

 similar visitation in 1749. Since that year no swarms of locusts have 

 occurred in Bavaria. 



Gerstaecker, in a recent work^^^ on the European locust, which seems to 



'osCoirespondenz-Blatt des Zool. Mineralogisch. Vereins, Eegensbnrsr, xxi, pp. 83-93. See Zoolopcal 

 Eecord for 18(57, Verhandlungen Zool.-Bot. Gesellschaft in Wien, xvii, pp. 930-932, Zool. Eecord for 1867. 



'06 " Die Wanderhenschrecke. (Oedipoda mifrratoria Lin.) Gemeinverstaendliclie Darstellung ihrer 

 Xaturgeschielite, Lebensweise. Schadlichkeit und der ilittel zu ihrer VertHjinng. Im Aufirage des 

 Koni^l. Preiiss. Min steriums fur die land wLi'tliscbafi lichen Angelegenheiten rerfasst von Dr. AT Ger- 

 staecker, Prof, an der Universitiit in Berlin. Mit 9 Abbildungen auf 2 Tafeln in Earbendruck. Berlin, 

 1876. 67 pp." 



For the above translation we are indebted to Mr. Whitman. 



