EARTHENWARE OF THE NEW YORK ABORIGINES 115 



As a rule stone pipes were earlier than those of clay^ but not 

 invariably. A primitive feature appears in most cases; that of hav- 

 ing any face toward the smoker. One curious example has the 

 face turned to one side. Apparently at a later day there was some- 

 times a double symmetrical representation on the back of the bowl, 

 but this is not a common feature. In a very few cases grotesque 

 human faces are interwoven all over the bowl and stem. The so- 

 called trumpet pipes are frequent, but many others have a similar 

 curve between the bowl and stem. Straight pipes are rare^ and 

 those with flanges along the stem are local. 



Precisely when European pipes began to be used by the New 

 York Indians, we may not be able to decide. Large white stems, 

 carved as ornaments appear on the Onondaga site of 1654, but this 

 was occupied for some years longer. No Dutch pipes have been 

 found, known as such, and it is not likely that English pipes would 

 have been introduced inland^ till the English took and retained 

 possession of the province of New York. On some sites of the 

 last quarter of the 17th century, such pipes have been found, and 

 some examples of these will be given. In 1684 duties were laid on 

 tobacco pipes and boxes intended for the Indian trade^ amid a host 

 of other things, so that they must then have had an extensive use 

 here and elsewhere. As public gifts to the Indians they first appear 

 in a council held in 1692, but some may have been given before. 

 The older ones have the bowl rather small and barrel shaped, and 

 the maker's initials may appear on the projecting heel below the 

 bowl. A large number of pipes have been found of these and some- 

 what differing forms, and some are of much interest to the antiquary. 

 More will be said, as we consider each in turn. 



In later councils wampum pipes appear as presents, but without 

 any suggestion of their form or nature. They are mentioned in 

 reports for 1702. 



Fig. 138 represents one of these English pipes, found on the site 

 of the smaller Onondaga village mentioned by Greenhalgh in 1677. 

 It has no lettering, and is less swollen than most pipes of that 

 period. The heel at the base of the bowl may have been worn ofif, 

 and with this the letters would disappear, as they were stamped 



